水力发电学报
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2014 Vol. 33, No. 6
Published: 2014-12-25
 
     
1 Development and innovation of dam construction technology in China
MA Hongqi
China has seen a flourishing development of water resources and hydropower construction
projects as a result of abundant water resources since the reform and opening-up policy was carried out.
Since then, a bundle of landmark projects have been built and a number of world-class innovations of dam
construction technology achieved. To provide experiences for subsequent projects, the author presents a
systematic review on the technology development and innovations in design, construction, and operation by
introducing some key projects most typical of various dam types such as concrete gravity dam, arch dam,
roller compacted concrete dam, concrete faced rock-fill dam, and rock-fill dam.
2014 Vol. 33 (6): 1-10 [Abstract] ( 169 ) PDF (48270 KB)  ( 143 )
11 Flood frequency analysis considering variation in flood time series
LI Xin，ZENG Hang，FENG Ping
As a large number of flood control and soil-water conservation projects have been constructed in
the Haihe River Basin, the underlying surface conditions and the characteristics of the runoff yield and
concentration are changed, which leads to the nonstationarity of the reservoir inflow flood time series.
Hence it is very necessary to revise the previous design flood. In this paper, the annual flood peak discharge
series and the annual maximum flood volume series of Wangkuai Reservoir, which lies in the Shahe, the
south branch of the Daqing River, were used as the basic data. The mixed distribution method and the
conditional probability distribution method were used to directly analyze the frequency of the non-stationary
flood time series based on their respective change point diagnosis results. The design flood calculated with
these two methods were compared to the 1985 design flood which was approved by the WRHPDGI (Water
Resources and Hydropower Planning and Design General Institute) in 1985, and to the design flood
calculated by the P-Ⅲ curve which considers the flood time series as stationary. The results reveal that the
design values with different return periods are reduced to some extent compared with the 1985 design flood,
with a decrease of about 15% to 30% for annual flood peak discharge, and about 5% to 30% for annual
maximum flood volume; Compared with the P-Ⅲ curve results, the decrease of annual flood peak
discharge and annual maximum flood volume(1-day and 6-day) are less than 10%, the decrease of annual
maximum flood volume(3-day) is about 1% to 15% . The results may lay a basis for the revision of the
design flood in the Daqing River Basin.
2014 Vol. 33 (6): 11-19 [Abstract] ( 180 ) PDF (7867 KB)  ( 112 )
20 Diagnosis of abrupt changes in precipitation and runoff relation based on sliding Copula function
LI Yanling，CHANG Jianxia, et al
A diagnostic method of abrupt changes combining sliding window and Copula function is
presented. This method draws dependency diagram in different sliding windows using monthly series of
precipitation and runoff at the Huaxian station of the Wei River, and it fits best Copula functions of
precipitation and runoff based on an Euclidean distance criterion. Results show that in their abrupt change
periods of in 1972 and 1984, precipitation and runoff followed a relationship of T-Copula function in
1951-1972 and 1985-2011 and of Clayton-Copula function in 1973-1984. Advantages of the Copula function
are helpful in simulation of bivariate relationship and deeper understanding of the tail dependence of
precipitation-runoff relationship, which would provide a new approach to variables relationship for random
abrupt changes.
2014 Vol. 33 (6): 20-24 [Abstract] ( 130 ) PDF (7195 KB)  ( 131 )
25 Determination of input variables for artificial neural networks for flood forecasting using Copula entropy method
CHEN Lu, YE Lei, LU Weiwei, et al
One of the key steps in artificial neural networks (ANN) forecasting is the determination of
significant input variables. A partial mutual information (PMI) method was used to characterize the
dependence of a potential model between its input and output variables. We also developed a copula entropy
method for effective calculation of mutual information (MI) and PMI, and verified its accuracy and
performance using numerical tests. This forecasting technique has been applied to a real-world case study of
the Three Gorges reservoir (TGR), and results show that the proposed method is useful and effective for
identification of suitable inputs of flood forecasting model.
2014 Vol. 33 (6): 25-29 [Abstract] ( 228 ) PDF (1458 KB)  ( 603 )
30 Application of high-order L-moments to flood quantile estimation
WANG Junzhen, SONG Songbai
To improve the calculation accuracy of design flood for long return period, this paper studies
application of high-order L-moments to flood frequency analysis, focusing on Monte-Carlo simulations for
statistical properties of the L-moments method and its influences on the return period flood quantile.
Parameters of GEV distribution and high-order L-moments were estimated for five annual maximum flow
series observed in Shaanxi province, and the fitting effect and calculation error of flood quantile evaluated.
The results show that this method has good statistical performance in flood analysis of long return period and it
gives a representation of the data series better than the lower-order methods.
2014 Vol. 33 (6): 30-38 [Abstract] ( 183 ) PDF (4207 KB)  ( 366 )
39 Estuarine daily river stage predicting based on discrete wavelet transform and neuro-fuzzy algorithm
YU Shipeng, YANG Jingsong, et al
To effectively forecast estuarine daily river stage, which is influenced by complicated
environmental factors because of estuarine special geographic location, discrete wavelet transform (DWT)
and neuro-fuzzy algorithm (NF) were combined to construct a hybrid DWT-NF model for mid-long term
forecast of daily river stage in the Yantze estuary. This hybrid model uses DWT for decomposion of the
original stage signals and filtering its jamming noises out. DWT revealed an optimum combination of
decomposition factors TD(D3+D4+D8), so we selected different TD serial combinations at a lag of 1 day to 5
days as inputs of the NF sub-model, and constructed an optimum WT-NF model for estuarine daily stage by
training and testing different NF model structures. In forecasting the daily river stage in Santiao Port, the
best NF model inputs with three nodes of TD serials at 1 day to 3 days lag were transferred into the first
model layer using a Gauss function of rule number 43; in Qinglong Port, the best inputs with TD serials at 1
day to 4 days lag transferred using a Bell function of rule number 24. Comparison with other hybrid or
traditional models shows that the hybrid DWT-NF model has a much better performance, especially
prominent in effectively forecasting detailed fluctuation trends of estuarine daily river stage dynamics.
2014 Vol. 33 (6): 39-45 [Abstract] ( 155 ) PDF (3336 KB)  ( 440 )
46 Scheduling optimization of flood control systems based on the dialectics mathematical theorem of variable sets
CHEN Shouyu, ZHU Xueping, et al
Abstract：A method on multi-objective scheduling optimization of flood control systems is developed based
on the three basic laws of dialectics and its mathematical theorem of variable sets. It has three features: the
theory basics are the dialectics and its mathematical theorem; the basic mode is the standard interval of
multi-level scheduling optimization of flood control; the level of decision-making plans is identified one by
one. In this method, a decision-making plan that has a relatively small (1.5 or so) level characteristic value is
identified as the satisfactory one, and otherwise, a new scheduling scheme need to be created for
identification and optimization next time. The developed method is rigorous and of novel concept and
simple calculation, thus having broad application potential.
2014 Vol. 33 (6): 46-52 [Abstract] ( 144 ) PDF (1854 KB)  ( 316 )
53 Analysis on comprehensive benefits of leading reservoir on Yangtze River in joint operation of cascaded hydropower stations
WENG Wenlin, WANG Hao, et al
More than a dozen of huge cascaded hydropower stations are or will be under construction on the
Yangtze mainstream, and as the largest hydropower system all over the world, its joint operation has
important and strategic significance to China’s energy security and water resources security. We have
designed a new control scheme for such a hydropower system, combining traditional operation charts with a
progressive optimization algorithm, and applied it to huge cascaded reservoirs on this river that will be in
joint operation with the leading reservoir under construction to verify its performance. This paper describes
this scheme and its application results, and analyzes the benefits of leading reservoir in its compensation to
the power generation of the hydropower cascades and the mainstream water resources in low water season.
We also demonstrate variation trends in comprehensive compensation benefits that depend on the storage of
leading reservoir through sensitivity analysis, including a trend in the comprehensive benefits of the Three
Gorges reservoir under the construction of leading reservoir. Strategic thinking that how to develop the
leading and controlling cascaded reservoirs for a general valley, is also suggested.
2014 Vol. 33 (6): 53-60 [Abstract] ( 184 ) PDF (1965 KB)  ( 638 )
61 Optimization of short-term operation of cascade hydropower stations using normal cloud mutation shuffled frog leaping algorithm
WANG Liping, SUN Ping, JIANG Zhiqiang, et al
To improve the premature convergence problem of traditional shuffled frog leaping algorithm
(SFLA), normal cloud mutation operation is used to optimize the solution of each group by the cloud
model’s characteristics of uncertainty with certainty, stability, and flexibility in knowledge expression, and
the beat step size is adjusted for local depth search. Using this technique, we have developed a normal cloud
mutation-shuffled frog leaping algorithm (NCM-SFLA) that can avoid easy trapping into local optimum in
calculation of evolution. This new algorithm was applied to short-term optimal dispatch of cascade
hydropower stations. Application in a case study shows that it has better global search ability and faster
convergence speed than those of DPSA, SFLA or PSO and it is effective in solution of short-term optimal
operation of cascade hydropower stations.
2014 Vol. 33 (6): 61-67 [Abstract] ( 137 ) PDF (8260 KB)  ( 71 )
68 Study and application of water resources dynamic allocation model on integrated service platform
CHEN Chen, LUO Jungang, XIE Jiancang
This paper presents a new dynamic configuration model on an integrated service platform of
water resources to overcome the problems of traditional water resources allocation in poor operability and
difficulty in dynamic implementation and development. On the meta-synthesis platform, a water resources
allocation system can be flexible and rapid to construct, and this model visualizes water resources network
and configuration business process on the knowledge graph and componentizes the allocation model with
component technology. Application shows that the water resources dynamic configuration system of the
model is more practical in two aspects, an intelligentized and visualized configuration, and a dynamic and
componentized calculation process. Thus, the new model, in view of its dynamic and maneuverable features,
is able to adapt to dynamic development of water resources allocation and management.
2014 Vol. 33 (6): 68-77 [Abstract] ( 190 ) PDF (21468 KB)  ( 79 )
78 Probabilistic neural network for water security assessment based on normalized indicators
WANG Jiayang, LIU Yun, LI Zuoyong, et al
No universal water security evaluation method is available today due to regional differences in
evaluation indexes system. Differences exist in the unit and dimension of each water security index and a
large difference appears between different indexes even on the same grade. This article presents a universal
probabilistic neural network (PNN) for water safety assessment based on a reference value selection for all
the indicators and an appropriate standardization transformation formula. This model can overcome the
limitation of traditional PNN, and it adopted a standardized PNN in the water security assessment for
Shandong province and other five provinces in China. Results show the same assessment results of
normalized PNN with other methods. The new model, free of the restriction in the total number of
evaluation indexes, provides a new approach to development of universal and simplified evaluation models.
2014 Vol. 33 (6): 78-83 [Abstract] ( 182 ) PDF (801 KB)  ( 424 )
84 Urban water security evaluation system based on water poverty index
GONG Li，JIN Chunling
This study introduces a water poverty index for evaluation of urban water security with
consideration of all the security factors. We distinguished external and internal security factors and analyzed
this new index and all the other indexes for an evaluation under the existing urban conditions in China, and
then adjusted these indexes to new values suitable for the conditions. To establish a corresponding
evaluation index system of 20 sub-indexes, selected were five subsystems: water resource status, utilization
capacity, utilization efficiency, water supply facilities, and ecological environment. Application to 14 cities
in Gansu province shows that this model and the index system can well reflect the water security factors and
their behaviors. With this approach, water security grade was determined for certain cities using its urban
water classification model. The system would provide a basis to development of early warning mechanisms
of urban water security.
2014 Vol. 33 (6): 84-90 [Abstract] ( 175 ) PDF (3682 KB)  ( 736 )
91 Strict management of water resources on integrated service platform
LIU Honghong，WANG Ni, et al
This study adopts a comprehensive integrated service platform for strict water resources
management to solve the problems of traditional water resources management lack of universality in
practical application, poor in operability, and difficult in extension. Based on the strict management scheme,
we have developed a system of water resources allocation models, a conceptualization using network charts,
and three red lines for management decision. On a user-oriented integrated service platform and each of the
three red lines, a system of network knowledge maps and corresponding strict management system were
constructed. A case study of the Qingyang city shows that this platform and the strict management scheme
are useful and easy to use in development of universal management models of water resources and they have
a wide use potential.
2014 Vol. 33 (6): 91-96 [Abstract] ( 171 ) PDF (21713 KB)  ( 84 )
97 Fish integrity biotic indexes of the upper Min river reaches and their assessment
JIANG Hong, WANG Wenjun, et al
Fish integrity biotic indexes (F-IBIs) are indicators of river health status evaluation oriented to
fishes as research object. This study has developed a system of 12 F-IBIs for the upper Min River (Sichuan)
reaches, based on the Fausch-modified indexes and the fish survey data extensively collected over these
reaches, covering five aspects of the fishes, i.e. their composition, tolerance, nutrition structure, richness
index, species number, and health. Expectation and evaluation standard of these F-IBIs were specified for
the existing river status of hydropower development, and the F-IBIs were evaluated using the survey in 2011.
The results show that in the upper Min river, fish biological integrity is changing from average to poor state,
indicating a decrease in fish species. Species composition and expectations tend towards single, with exotic
species increasing and no top carnivorous. Several indexes are dropping, including age class, quantity,
growth, and physical fitness; fish resources are declining, and fish-catching individuals are smaller. All these
indicate deterioration in fish resources caused by the construction of hydropower projects in these reaches,
and thus we suggest further studies on fish pass facilities and their design and on ecological flow and
ecological regulation.
2014 Vol. 33 (6): 97-104 [Abstract] ( 143 ) PDF (384 KB)  ( 679 )
105 Study on influence of slag heap on generators and water release structure in Xiangjiaba reservoir
GUAN Jianzhao, FANG Chunming, et al
For the Xiangjiaba reservoir, the incoming water and sediment conditions were determined
according to its filling plan and water release rules, and calculations were conducted for the flow velocity
and the concentration and gradation of suspended load in the passages of its generators and release structures.
The caculations are used for an evaluation of the maximum grain sizes of incipient motion in certain critical
areas of the reservoir and an analysis on the influence of construction slag heap on the generators and release
structures during initial impoundment.
2014 Vol. 33 (6): 105-110 [Abstract] ( 154 ) PDF (968 KB)  ( 464 )
111 Study on river morphology dynamics under varying discharges
KUANG Hongwei，SUN Jian，LIN Binliang
Fluctuation process of river discharge is a key factor to channel evolution, and discharge variation
is common in natural rivers. In this study, physical model tests and fine measurements of river flow have
been conducted to investigate channel evolution under discharge variations, with three sets of test conditions
arranged, i.e. constant discharge, gradually varied discharge, and rapidly varied discharge. The results show
that, shoal-pool structures develop in the channel under a combination of initial bending and secondary flow,
covering two typical areas: the higher one that deflects the main flow, and the lower one that are sheltered.
Fluctuations in discharge can destroy the existing shoal-pool structures, causing flatter shoals and shallower
thalwegs, and the fluctuations of greater mean square deviation has greater bank erosion power hence
leading to a wider river channel.
2014 Vol. 33 (6): 111-118 [Abstract] ( 168 ) PDF (18883 KB)  ( 83 )
119 Study on damsite groundwater chemistry during construction and its significance, a case of Xiangjiaba dam
HUO Jixiang, SONG Hanzhou, et al
For the lack of macro prototype monitoring data during construction of a hydropower station,
water quality as one of seepage micro regimes can be used to reflect hydrogeology features and anti-seepage
effect of an impervious curtain concerned. The Xiangjiaba dam was taken as a case and its groundwater
samples were collected and analyzed. First, a qualitative evaluation of water quality characteristics at
different dam sections was shown by using hydrochemistry diagrams, and then saturation indexes were
calculated for each of the four major location groups divided by a hierarchical cluster analysis. Last, inverse
geochemical models of the groups were developed using PHREEQC to elucidate the dissolution or
precipitation quality of different minerals and the percentage of different seepage sources. The conclusion is
that the hydrogeochemical methods previously described, both qualitatively and quantitatively, are useful for
revealing the seepage behaviors around the damsite during construction.
2014 Vol. 33 (6): 119-125 [Abstract] ( 185 ) PDF (6413 KB)  ( 395 )
126 Experimental study of pressure characteristics behind multi-orifice plates
HAN Wei, DONG Zhiyong, BING Bin, et al
Time average pressure and frequency spectrum of the flow behind multi-orifice plates have been
measured using a data acquisition system of SINOCERA-YE6263 for a hydrodynamic cavitation reactor
designed in the Hydraulics Laboratory, ZheJiang University of Technology. The study focuses on the effects
of shape, size, spacing, and pattern of the orifices on pressure downstream of the plate. The results show that
a quincunx pattern of orifices restrains effectively the pressure recovery while the shape of orifice opening
has little effect on the time average pressure. The power spectrum of pressure fluctuations depends on the
opening size, spacing, and pattern of orifices.
2014 Vol. 33 (6): 126-131 [Abstract] ( 186 ) PDF (13252 KB)  ( 111 )
132 Inverse problem on pollutant source identification in 1D channel
LIU Xiaodong, CHEN Liqiang,HUA Zulin, et al
Pollutant sources can be identified from analysis of online monitoring data collected in a river
reach at its downstream by solving inverse problems of the sources, which provides basic information for
control of pollutant sources and protection of headwaters area. For unsteady flow in 1D channel, a new
FDM-SIM method combining finite difference method with simplex algorithm is presented herein. This
method was applied to determination of pollution sources and their parameters, and validated by two
numerical cases. The results indicate that the method is very useful in identification of pollution sources and
in coupled inversion calculation for coefficients of the sources and water quality.
2014 Vol. 33 (6): 132-135 [Abstract] ( 136 ) PDF (346 KB)  ( 571 )
136 Search mechanism of water diversion influencing sediment transport in Yellow River in sediment storage period of Xiaolangdi Reservoir
SHEN Guanqing，ZHANG Yuanfeng，LIU Xiaoyan
Various factors could impact sediment transport of river flow to some extent, such as
compatibility of water-sediment flow, sediment grain size composition, water diversion volume, and
riverbed morphology. Water diversion can cause deposition increasing and decreasing through changes in
river sediment transport, and the volume of such deposition changes depend on factors of water and
sediment in the river, water diversion ratio, river boundary, etc. This paper explores the impacts of water
diversion on scour and silting in the lower Yellow mainstream under different water-sediment flow
conditions and deposition-erosion conditions based on the sediment transport laws, and quantifies the
relationship of deposition increasing (decreasing) coefficient versus diversion ratio and sediment transport
ratio. The results are useful to design of water diversion schemes and regulation of water diversion facilities
in the lower Yellow.
2014 Vol. 33 (6): 136-141 [Abstract] ( 180 ) PDF (2579 KB)  ( 399 )
142 Hydraulic transients in hydropower station with bifurcated pipes converging behind tailrace surge tank
YU Xiaodong, ZHANG Jian, CHEN Sheng
This paper derives a mathematical model of hydraulic transients for a system with bifurcated
pipes converging behind a tailrace surge tank based on the method of characteristics (MOC). A
corresponding numerical model has been developed using the data of a real hydropower station with the
same configuration of pipe bifurcation and surge tank, and a simulation of the probable transient process in
this system is conducted, focusing on the influence of throttle orifices on the transient behaviors. The results
show that in steady flow condition, the bidirectional flows passing through the orifices are significant in
volume and a greater cross-sectional area of the orifice results in a larger discharges of the bidirectional
flows but little effect on the tank level and the water head of generator unit. In unsteady flow condition, if
the cross-sectional area of an individual orifice is different, then it produces different refection to water
hammer but the surge process occurring in the tank would be the same as long as the sum of cross-sectional
areas of all the orifices is fixed. The conclusion is helpful to design and operation of similar hydraulic
transient systems.
2014 Vol. 33 (6): 142-148 [Abstract] ( 181 ) PDF (11013 KB)  ( 68 )
149 Model tests on energy dissipation and anti-erosion schemes of Xujiaya reservoir spillway
YANG Lei, XU Hongliang, TANG Peilei, et al
Flow on the Xujiaya spillway is featured with a low Froude number and inadequate energy
dissipation that is a common problem in similar projects. Another factor that worsens the flow condition to a
certain extent is the bend downstream the spillway inlet. To find a reasonable energy dissipation scheme, a
model spillway was experimentally tested to modify the original design and optimize its energy dissipation
effects. Three types of schemes were compared: single-stage stilling basin, two-stage stilling basin, and
trajectory bucket. The effects of energy dissipation and flow regimes in each scheme were optimized
through testing and examining different design alternatives, and the trajectory bucket design was finalized as
the economic and reasonable energy dissipation scheme for this reservoir spillway.
2014 Vol. 33 (6): 149-154 [Abstract] ( 157 ) PDF (9557 KB)  ( 103 )
152 Characteristics of suspended sediment concentration in the offshore area of Yangtze estuary
HUANG Libing,LI Yitian, SUN Zhaohua, et al
This is to study the characteristics and variation trends of suspended sediment distribution in the
offshore area of the Yangtze estuary (122°E-123°E), with methods of data analysis and on the basis of a
long-term data series of flow and sediment concentration observations in this estuary during recent 50 years.
The results show that in this area there exist one or even two high-concentration centers of suspended
sediment—under control of the river runoff, they always occur outside the south estuary passage whether in
flood or dry season and in spring or neap tide. The second high-concentration center appears when the runoff
control effect is relatively weak and one portion of the sediment load in the estuary mouth moves in NNE
direction. In recent years, its location tends to shift southward, largely as a result of the change in both the
flow and sediment transport ratios of the south and north branches of the estuary.
2014 Vol. 33 (6): 152-161 [Abstract] ( 167 ) PDF (10482 KB)  ( 86 )
162 Study of hydraulic jump in mild-slope tunnel during operation of storing or sluicing flood
SUN Dongpo, CAO Shuai, ZHANG Yu, et al
In a series of experimental tests on a model of pumped-storage power station, this study has found
that, a free-surface flow tunnel can generally be in normal use in flood period, but at certain phases of the
water releasing process it generated a hydraulic jump that was moving along the flow. This jump normally
moved upstream with its strength weakening if the reservoir stage was falling, while it moved downstream
with its strength growing if the stage was rising. Its development in such movements could lower tunnel
safety, because behind the jump is a water depth great enough to fully block the tunnel passage. In addition,
at the tunnel outlet the jet flow was rushing forward onto the fending dike downstream. To avoid
unfavorable effects of a moving hydraulic jump in the tunnel and improve the flow downstream, we
suggested a modification on the flip bucket: adding both a turn angle and a side weir. Thus, by adjusting the
direction of jet nappe closer to the river mainstream, taking advantage of the flow circulation on the flip
bucket, and controlling flow diversion by the side weir, strong hydraulic jumps could be suppressed. Our test
results show that in the period of transition between storage and drainage, the side weir can effectively curb
both water depth at the outlet and intensity of hydraulic jump. Thus, tunnel blocking is avoided completely,
and the jet angle and river flow around jet plunging are also improved.
2014 Vol. 33 (6): 162-167 [Abstract] ( 148 ) PDF (15929 KB)  ( 116 )
168 Challenge in study of ultimate capacity of high arch dams against earthquakes
WANG Haibo, LI Deyu, CHEN Houqun
Many high arch dams are or will be under construction in the southwest region of China for
hydropower development. Their safety against earthquakes is a great concern and presents an inevitable
challenge to be tackled. Ultimate capacity of high arch dams against earthquakes is one of the key issues for
prevention of uncontrollable water release from these reservoirs. For this study, numerical methods and
physical model tests can be adopted, and their results can verify and complement each other to obtain more
complete and concrete information for understanding the ultimate capacity, for which useful data of actual
dam damages are very rare at present. The results of experimental studies on the damage of arch dams are an
important supplement to the rare cases of in-situ observations on dam responses to strong earthquakes, and
they provide useful data and visible evidences on development of damages that could be related to the final
failures of arch dams.
2014 Vol. 33 (6): 168-173 [Abstract] ( 182 ) PDF (12528 KB)  ( 94 )
174 Crack analysis of Shapai arch dam joints under the Wenchuan earthquake
GUO Shengshan, LI Deyu, TU Jin, et al
The behavior of transverse and induced joints in Shapai arch dam under the Wenchuan earthquake
is investigated with a contact nonlinear model based on the contact force method, and the effect of radiation
damping in foundation is included. Several schemes combining transverse and induced joints of different
strengths are computed and compared. A comprehensive analysis on three features of the joints on the
upstream crest, i.e. opening duration, maximum opening and its distribution provides an interpretation on the
seismic responses of transverse and induced joints in this arch dam.
2014 Vol. 33 (6): 174-180 [Abstract] ( 163 ) PDF (28905 KB)  ( 74 )
181 Analysis on endogenous vibrations of hydropower house on soft foundation
SONG Zhiqiang, ZHAO Enhong
Influences of soft foundation on the dynamic response of hydropower house and methods of
dynamic loads application are investigated using FEM simulation, focusing on a detailed analysis of the
composition, amplitude and frequency of dynamic loads on the generator units. Results show that more
attention must be paid to the impact of foundation boundary conditions in the case of a significant difference
in stiffness between the house structure and its foundation. And the simulated vibrations are closer to the real
cases if the loads are applied according to frequency differences. Coupling effects between generator pier
vibrations in different directions have been observed.
2014 Vol. 33 (6): 181-186 [Abstract] ( 160 ) PDF (12482 KB)  ( 92 )
187 Study on vibration responses of powerhouse structures based on FOA-GRNN
XU Guobin，HAN Wenwen，WANG Haijun, et al
A flies optimization algorithm (FOA) is used to optimize the spread value of generalized
regression neural network (GRNN). This method takes advantages of FOA in fast convergence and GRNN
in few parameters, and is compared with neural network prediction models (BP and ELMAN) for a
comparative study on prediction features of the vibration responses of overflow structure on the roof of a
hydropower station dam. The comparison of three models concludes that the GRNN based on FOA has both
prediction ability and learning speed superior to BP or ELMAN. It also shows the feasibility of FOA-GRNN
in vibration predictions that enhances intelligence in monitoring hydraulic structure.
2014 Vol. 33 (6): 187-191 [Abstract] ( 194 ) PDF (4024 KB)  ( 375 )
192 Appraisals on the criteria for arch dam abutment stability analysis based on the reliability index and partial factor approaches
LI Bin, CHEN Zuyu，WANG Yujie, et al

The arch dam design specification (SL282-2003) provides an allowable safety factor of 3.5 for
abutment stability analysis, which is higher than Besides allowable value of 3.0 specified for gravity dams.
Accordingly, the engineering structural reliability standards should also provide a different allowable
reliability index, which is currently not available in GB50153-2008. Both arch and gravity dam
specifications suggest partial factors for the limit state design method, but investigations on their engineering
applicability appear in sufficient. This paper is a continuation of the previous relevant studies on gravity
dams and focuses on establishing allowable reliability index for arch dam abutment stability analysis. This
criterion is subsequently used in assessing the applicability of the suggested partial factors. The research
results confirm that an allowable reliability index of 4.45 should be specified in order to make the stability
analysis at the same level of risk control to the allowable safety factor of 3.5. Using the approach of ‘Ratio
of Safety Margin’ proposed by the authors, it isconcluded that the partial factors suggested in specification
DL/T5346-2006 is reasonable for practical engineering purposes.
2014 Vol. 33 (6): 192-201 [Abstract] ( 99 ) PDF (8380 KB)  ( 102 )
202 Study of mechanical properties of cemented sand and rockfill material based on large-scale triaxial tests
LI Na, HE Xianfeng, ZHANG Bin, et al
Cemented sand and rockfill (CSR) material is a new type of material for dam construction, with a
wide application prospect. Its material properties lie between concrete and rockfill material. This paper
presents strain-stress curves of CSR material under different confining pressures and ages obtained from a
great number of large-scale triaxial tests, and describes the influences of these two factors, including
variations in breaking strength and volumetric deformation with the factors and variation in shear strength
with the age. A regression analysis of test data shows the correlation of breaking strength with confining
pressure and age and the correlation of shear strength with age. The results would be useful for development
of constitutive models and design of dams with CSR material.
2014 Vol. 33 (6): 202-208 [Abstract] ( 158 ) PDF (10978 KB)  ( 86 )
209 Large-scale triaxial test study of strength and deformation behaviors of sand-grained materials
CHU Fuyong, ZHU Jungao
Using large-scale shearing device, isotropically consolidated-drained triaxial test under different
confining pressures are performed for relative density overburden material of Shuangjiangkou earth dam.
The influence of density on strength and deformation properties of sand-grained material is studied. The
results show that the linear strength index nonlinear strength index  and  all increase with the relative density
 increases, and the increases in nonlinear strength index  and  are linear. The volume
strain value of sand-grained material decrease with the relative density increases and the dilatancy of
sand-grained material increase with the relative density increases. The secant modulus and the failure
Poisson ratio of coarse-grained soil both increase with the relative density of sand-grained material increases.
According to the test data, a formula for relation of the secant modulus of sand-grained material and the
relative density Dr and confining pressure is obtained, And meanwhile, a relation formula for the failure
poisson ratio ?1f and the relative density Dr and confining pressure ?3 is also obtained under specific
confining pressure.
2014 Vol. 33 (6): 209-214 [Abstract] ( 180 ) PDF (8794 KB)  ( 79 )
215 Optimization of hollow wicket gate of Kaplan turbine based on ANSYS
LIU Jingshi, Lü Guiping, ZHONG Su, et al
Wicket gate is a main component of hydro turbine and it plays an important role in safe and stable
operation of hydro turbine. To enhance stiffness and control material consumption for the hollow wicket gate
of Kaplan turbine, the influence of inner structure of the gate body on its stiffness is studied by using finite
element method. The results show that the thickness of gate-face steel plate, the thickness and position of
vertical rib slab, and the shaft length inside the body have significant influence on the stiffness while the
influence of horizontal rib slab and multiple vertical rib slabs are insignificant. A comparison of wicket gate
mass between different structures suggests an optimal structure of the hollow wicket gate, which would be
useful for design of similar wicket gates.
2014 Vol. 33 (6): 215-219 [Abstract] ( 149 ) PDF (5952 KB)  ( 497 )
220 Calculation of servomotor reaction time and its influence on immobility time
ZHAO Junke, CAO Weifu, XIAO Yiping
This article derives a formula for calculation of servomotor reaction time constant. The main
influence factors on servomotor immobility time is obtained through an analysis of the transient part of
reaction time based on a proportional relationship between immobility time and transient part of this
constant. The results would be a basis for reduction of servomotor immobility time and improvement on the
quality of governor system response.
2014 Vol. 33 (6): 220-223 [Abstract] ( 159 ) PDF (2103 KB)  ( 418 )
224 Investigation of bending-torsional coupled vibration of hydro generators rotor-bearing system considering electromagnetic stiffness
SONG Zhiqiang, LIU Yunhe
A formula for calculation of bending and torsional electromagnetic stiffness was derived from the
expression of magnetic field energy in the hydro generator rotor air gap. A bending and torsional coupled
vibration model was developed for the hydroelectric generating set rotor-bearing system with consideration
of these stiffnesses. This model was used to examine the coupling effect of the two stiffnesses on
bending-torsional coupled vibrations in different conditions of journal bearing support and to study the
influence of centralized bearing damping on the features of coupled vibrations. The results show that the two
electromagnetic stiffnesses produce an effect of coupled excitation and amplification on the amplitudes of
bending and torsional vibrations. The stiffness and centralized damping of journal bearing have important
effects on the coupled vibrations, though a slight difference appears between the effects on bending vibration
and torsional vibration.
2014 Vol. 33 (6): 224-231 [Abstract] ( 103 ) PDF (10741 KB)  ( 101 )
232 Study and application of pump-turbine dynamic characteristics based on extension neural network dynamic correction method
XU Yuezeng, ZHANG Rengong, CHENG Xialei
Considering the shortage of real machine test data in design of pump-turbine for most of the
pumped storage power stations in China, this paper presents a study of plant optimal operation and joint
economic operation of hydropower and thermal power stations based on model test data of pump turbine,
design data of pipe system, and efficiency characteristic curve of generator provided by the manufacturer to
enhance the dynamic benefits of pumped storage stations. First, data of fuzzy dynamic characteristics were
measured and a point-to-point modification on fixed dynamic characteristics of fuzzy data was made with an
"exponential decay" static method in combination with the historical databases recorded by the computer
monitoring system of pump-storage station. Then, the data of dynamic characteristics were corrected
dynamically via an extension neural network training method based on a principle called "disjoint and linear
equidistant head of unit". These two methods were coded in integrated modules that are embedded in a
software system. Thus we have developed the system V3.0 for analysis of the dynamic characteristics of
pump-turbine in pumped storage power station. Application shows that the characteristic equations of
pump-storage station derived using the previously-mentioned modification and correction better describe the
real cases and their solution produces satisfactory results. The present work would lay a basis for further
study on plant optimization of pump-storage station and economic operation of joint hydro-thermal power
stations.
2014 Vol. 33 (6): 232-240 [Abstract] ( 160 ) PDF (10966 KB)  ( 277 )
241 Short-term wind speed forecasting based on rational-dilation wavelet transform and support vector machine
WANG Jingpu，WANG Haijiang，LIU Fujun， et al
A new short-term wind speed forecasting model based on rational-dilation wavelet transforms and
support vector machine (SVM) is presented. First, an idea of improving accuracy by extraction of the
oscillatory features based on wavelet transforms is discussed. Then, this paper analyzes the superiority of
rational-dilation wavelets to traditional wavelets in the power of time-frequency localization and oscillatory
feature extraction. Last, we present a construction procedure of this forecasting model. Our experimental
results show that the model has a better forecasting accuracy than all those of neural network, SVM, and the
models based on traditional wavelet transforms and SVM.
2014 Vol. 33 (6): 241-247 [Abstract] ( 186 ) PDF (666 KB)  ( 406 )
248 Analysis and assessment on safety risk of construction operation based on human factors
SONG Sixin, ZHOU Jianlan, et al
Safety factors that influence each other should be evaluated and considered as a whole. This study
adopts a structural equation model to calculate correlation coefficients based on analysis and classification
system of human factors and identification of classification and hierarchical relationship of human factors.
The weights of human factors were determined using a judgment matrix and an analytic hierarchy process
(AHP) model. With an analysis on the rank of the factors in importance, we have revealed weak links in the
safety management and thus improved the safety of construction operation.
2014 Vol. 33 (6): 248-252 [Abstract] ( 173 ) PDF (3641 KB)  ( 421 )
253 Investigation on influencing factors of construction workers’ unsafe behavior in hydroelectric construction enterprise
ZHANG Jing，YUAN Hongping，LI Fangfang
Construction safety issue is always a public concern, but so far, construction workers as the main
subject of construction safety have been rarely taken as research object. To explore in-depth the key factors
affecting their safety behavior, a survey of construction workers in hydroelectric construction enterprise was
conducted. Through analysis of exploratory and confirmatory factors, the workers' answers to 21 questions
are attributed to three main factors: safety guarantee and care, enterprise safety management, their feeling on
job. Furthermore, concrete policy and management measures on how to effectively supervise construction
workers’ safety behavior and how to reduce construction safety accident casualty rate are recommended to
government safety management departments and management of construction enterprises.
2014 Vol. 33 (6): 253-260 [Abstract] ( 85 ) PDF (3414 KB)  ( 464 )
261 Investigation on reservoir immigrants' satisfaction
WANG Jianing, QIANG Maoshan, CHEN Wenchao, et al
Immigrants' satisfaction is an important factor to resettlement work of reservoir construction. We
formulated an evaluation system of immigrants' satisfaction according to the model of customers'
satisfaction and conducted an interview survey and questionnaire investigation of 120 immigrant households
in four immigrant counties. A statistical analysis of the survey data by SPSS software shows that, of the first
level indexes, living standard and social adaptation have the highest satisfaction and production level,
compensation for land acquisition, resettlement, and policy implementation have a lower degree. An
in-depth analysis of the second level indexes reveals the main factors of immigrants' dissatisfaction:
compensation standards, the follow-up support, water and electricity, the income situation, and the
participation of immigrants. Combined with the results of interviews, a further discussion is presented on the
actual situation related to the lowest-score indexes, compensation standards, the follow-up support and
water and electricity, and corresponding measures are suggested.
2014 Vol. 33 (6): 261-267 [Abstract] ( 126 ) PDF (4061 KB)  ( 426 )
268 Reservoir resettlement compensation for public service elements
WANG Jie, QIANG Maoshan, WANG Jianing
Abstract：Reservoir resettlement not only restricts hydropower resources developing process, also gradually
evolves into a serious social problem, and therefore reasonable compensation becomes a focus of solving the
immigration problem. From a view of market economy, this article presents a concept of compensating
immigration that covers three types of compensations, for physical assets, public service elements, and
psychological cost, and develops a calculation method for the compensation of public service elements. This
method evaluates the public service losses caused by resettlement immigration using 16 indicators in total to
quantify the levels of public services: health care, transportation and communication, education and
employment, and living and insurance. Through its application to an analysis on the data of Shiyan and
Jingzhou city from 2000 to 2008, we obtained empirical compensation results for the public service
elements in Hubei province due to the Danjiangkou reservoir resettlement, and verified this compensation
method and the new compensating immigration concept as a useful tool for determination of compensation
level.
2014 Vol. 33 (6): 268-273 [Abstract] ( 161 ) PDF (366 KB)  ( 317 )
274 Study on schedule risk analysis method considering two kinds of correlations
WANG Renchao, TIAN Yu, CHEN Jianyou
Traditional schedule risk analysis methods often neglect the effects of two correlations between
risk factors and between activities, and they are unable to analyze risk sensitivity of a project and its
activities. A schedule risk analysis method considering these two kinds of correlations is presented herein.
This method focuses on risk factor states and considers the interaction between correlated risk factors, and it
calculates the distribution of project duration through stochastic modeling of risk factor states. To analyze
schedule risk, a simulation program named C-NETSIMU of the new method has been coded with C# and its
application to a project case is demonstrated. The calculations are compared with those by PERT and Monte
Carlo techniques, which verifies the new method and shows the effects of the two correlations.
2014 Vol. 33 (6): 274-282 [Abstract] ( 163 ) PDF (366 KB)  ( 346 )
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