水利管理对象数量大、类型多、空间分布广、运行环境复杂、交织作用因素众多，对其进行全生命周期的精细化管控极其困难。将以关联分析为特点的水利大数据技术和以因果关系为特点的水利专业机理模型相结合，对海量多源的水利数据加以集成融合、高效处理和智能分析，并将有价值的结果以高度可视化方式主动推送给管理决策者，是解决水利对象精细化管控难题的根本途径。本文主要对水利大数据的概念认知、技术体系及其应用于水利规律解析、水利态势研判、水利趋势预测和水利决策优化的研究现状进行了综合分析，提出了水利大数据发展趋势为需求场景化、管理集成化、分析智能化、服务平台化、保障体系化。在水利大数据应用中，数据是根本，分析是核心，利用大数据技术提高水治理效率是最终目的，应深度挖掘水利业务管理需求，整合水灾害、水资源、水环境、水生态、水工程等领域全息数据，全面布局水利大数据的基础理论和核心技术研究，加快推进大数据技术与水利的深度融合，支撑我国水治理彻底转型升级。

渤海湾毗邻我国北方重要的经济带——环渤海经济圈，高污染负荷使其面临巨大的环境压力。水交换能力是影响渤海湾环境容量的重要动力学因素，其中潮汐和风应力是渤海湾水交换的关键驱动因素。本文针对渤海湾的水交换问题建立了基于欧拉观点的水龄模型，通过对比潮汐单独作用下与潮汐和季风共同作用下渤海湾内水龄的时空分布特征，研究了这两个因素在渤海湾水交换中的作用。研究结果表明，季风使得渤海湾与外海的水交换明显加快，是影响渤海湾物理自净能力的重要因素。对渤海湾水龄的季节变化分析表明，冬季渤海湾与渤海中部水交换较强，夏季较弱。

To better understand the effect of disturbance in overlying water on nitrogen and phosphorus release from aquaculture pond sediments, we collected sediment samples from aquaculture ponds, designed laboratory experiments of nitrogen and phosphorus release in the condition of overlying water stirred mechanically for seven consecutive days at different stirring speeds, and measured concentrations of ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and SRP in the overlying water and sediment pore water. The results showed that faster mechanical stirring increased the concentration of ammonia nitrogen at the early stage but in hydrodynamic conditions it was a short-term effect and a dynamic equilibrium between release and adsorption was gradually reached. A higher stirring speed promoted the release rate of nitrate nitrogen with a higher peak concentration, indicating the release rate of nitrate nitrogen from the pore water in dynamic ponds to be significantly different from that in the static pond case. The release rate of SRP was also increased to a certain degree by increasing the stirring speed. Fitting of pseudo-first-order kinetic equations to the process of SRP release reveals multiple correlation coefficients R2 greater than 0.92 and an extremely significant level (P < 0.01) of the equations fitted, showing a satisfactory representation of the process.

针对通用分割模型作用在坝面混凝土表观裂缝时出现网络深度不断增加，导致模型参数过大，有效裂缝特征丢失，提出一种基于卷积神经网络的轻量型裂缝分割方法，以减小网络内存占用和特征丢失问题。网络采用编码-解码结构，利用深度可分离卷积和轻量特征提取模块构建级联编码器，解码器则融合编码器第二阶段的跨尺度信息，重构特征提取中丢失的像素级几何信息，以提高网络分割精度。试验结果表明：网络在自制坝面混凝土裂缝数据集上训练得到的模型大小为10.8 MB，相较于U-Net减小了90.8%，验证集测试下交并比为73.30%，像素精准率为85.36%，数据结果验证了网络在坝面裂缝分割方面的可行性，为提高坝面检测效率及坝面结构后期维护提供有力支撑。

This paper first reviews the advancements in dam construction and development in hydraulic engineering, and summarizes the conceptualization of digital dam and its related research achievements. Then, we present an interpretation of the difference between the two concepts of digital dam and smart dam, based on a brief discussion on several disadvantages of digital dam, including insufficient depth in intelligent analysis of massive data and relatively low fusing level of site monitoring, simulation analysis and intelligent control. Smart dam is a new concept that is based on the digital dam conceptualization but emphasizes a specific form of dam development, i.e. adoption of new-generation information technologies as a basic means, such as Internet of things, intellectual technology, cloud computing, and big data. This concept also means a specific intelligent system of dam management and operation that is dynamic, refined, and perceivable in analysis and control. Besides, a smart dam often has distinctive features such as integrity, interoperability, fusion-expansibility, autonomy, and robustness. Third, we describe a basic framework of smart dams in detail, including a real-time information perception module, an interconnected real-time transmission module, an intelligent real-time analysis module, and an intelligent real-time management decision system, focusing on analysis of the progress and superiority of smart dams over digital dams in independent information collection, smart reconstruction analysis, intelligent decision, and integrated visualization. Finally, we explore key directions of smart dam research in fundamental theory, key technology, and management and operation system.

Owing to their great height and large volume, high-fill embankments are subject to differential settlement that often reduces their safety and stability, and therefore the post-construction settlement of such embankments should be examined carefully. This paper develops a practical creep calculation method based on the finite element method for calculation of post-construction settlement by a time-dependent UH model and the simplified one-dimensional creep deformation computation method that could be combined with the layer-wise summation method. Field observation data collected at the Chengde airport are used to verify this method. Comparison of the calculations and field data shows that new method is able to achieve reliable predictions of post-construction settlement and hence to provide useful guidance for the following construction of the airport.

水轮机作为水电能源开发的核心机械装备，其性能的优劣决定了水电能源的开发利用率。在现代科技进步的推动下，水轮机技术也取得了长足发展。我国水轮机技术的发展经历了引进、吸收、消化和再创造的过程，特别是近20年的快速发展使我国水轮机技术总体上达到国际先进水平。本文在全面综合国内外水轮机领域研究成果的基础上，以近20年来水轮机技术领域所取得的主要研究进展为重点，分水轮机水动力学基础、水轮机过流部件的优化设计理论及新型水轮机研制三部分对水轮机技术进展进行了综述，探讨了部分研究领域中存在的问题，并对水轮机技术的发展趋势进行了总结和展望。

研究细沟水流水动力学特性，是了解和掌握细沟侵蚀机理的关键，也是建立土壤侵蚀预报模型的基础。本文在室内放水冲刷试验基础上，对不同土壤容重（1.2、1.35、1.5 g/cm3）、流量（2、4、8、16 L/min）、坡度（5°、10°、15°、20°、25°）条件下的细沟水流水动力学特性进行了研究，结果表明：流量和坡度都是影响水流流速的重要因素，流速可以用坡度和流量的幂函数来表示，且坡度是影响流速的主要原因；土壤容重对流速有一定影响，且随坡度的变化对流速的影响存在差异；水流雷诺数变化范围在248 ~ 1932之间，土壤容重和坡度对雷诺数均没有影响，雷诺数主要与流量有关，且随流量的增大呈线性关系；细沟水流弗劳德数在各试验条件下基本大于1，属急流状态，土壤容重对弗劳德数的影响类似于流速，随坡度的不同有一定差异；水流阻力系数变化范围为0.04 ~ 0.955之间，随坡度和流量的增大呈先增大后减小的趋势，且受土壤容重影响明显，在低坡和陡坡下都随土壤容重增大而减小。

To mitigate adverse effects caused by impoundment of the Three Gorges reservoir (TGR), a reservoir optimization model for improving the satisfaction of minimum ecological water demands (SMEWD) by the Dongting Lake and increasing the TGR power output has been developed in this work. This optimization model couples a water level prediction method using support vector regression (SVR) and is solved with a chaos-genetic algorithm (CGA). The results show that both the SMEWD and the power output were significantly improved via optimization of the TGR operation. In an average year, the satisfaction was increased from 85.40% to 89.44%, and the power output increased by 3.09%; In a wet year, conventional operation was able to meet the minimum ecological demands with an increase of 5.85% in the output; In a dry year, the satisfaction was increased from 65.58% to 66.42% with the output increased by 3.42%. This study demonstrates that improvement on the ecological environment of river-connected lakes can be achieved by optimizing reservoir operation.

采用Mann-Kendall（MK）方法对水文序列进行趋势性检验时，常因待检序列中含有显著高阶自相关成分或因一阶显著自相关剔除而产生趋势成分破坏，进而导致无法获得准确的趋势检验结果。为此，提出了基于改进过白化的MK趋势检验方法。改进过白化法主要通过集成回归变异—去趋势—方差变异等检验方法，采用分段过白化的处理手段实现趋势低损情况下的高阶显著自相关剔除，以保证MK趋势检验结果的精度。透过林家村、神木、赵石窑和横山站的案例研究结果，可发现改进过白化处理法可在尽可能小地破坏原序列趋势的基础上剔除序列的显著自相关性，基于改进过白化处理序列可得到更为精确的MK趋势检验结果。

降水及水资源量的空间不均匀性是其基本特性之一。本文基于中国第二次水资源综合评价结果，利用洛伦兹曲线计算得到反映水资源不均匀性强弱的基尼系数及反映不均匀性来源的洛伦兹不对称系数。结果表明：中国不同类型水资源均表现出比较不均匀或非常不均匀的空间分布特征；各一级分区水资源空间不均匀性与分区面积、平均降水量及自然条件等因素有关，从东部、南部沿海向内陆地区逐渐增加；同一分区内总体上表现为降水空间基尼系数最小，地下水资源、水资源总量、地表水资源空间基尼系数依次增大，但南部分区地表水和水资源总量空间基尼系数接近；水资源的不均匀性呈现出水资源量较少区域主导的非对称性或较为对称分布的特征。

Trend-free pre-whitening (TFPW) is a key method for removing the effect of autocorrelation when a non-parametric Mann-Kendall (MK) trend test is used in analysis of river runoff series. However, its rationality and applicability are questioned in the cases that some hydrological changes occur in a changing environment, thus catching researchers’ increasingly attention. In this study, we adopted a hybrid TFPW for data-preprocessing prior to applying the MK trend test to evaluate its performance in analysis of the runoff series featured with hydrological changes, focusing on six detrending measures, i.e. the slope method (SM), EMD method, first order differential method (FD), log-linear detrending method (LLD), 5-point linear moving average method (LMA), and linear regression moving average method (LRMA). This approach is coupled with two pre-whitening methods, one for removing autocorrelation AR(1) only, and the other for removing all the AR(n)s where n stands for all the lag orders of significance. A case study was taken testing the runoff series gauged at the three gauge stations of Dingjiagou, Shenmu and Suide in northern Shaanxi that represent three types of trend changes in the series respectively. These calculations, as results of different hybrid TFPW-MK testing, were compared with those by conventional and modified MK methods. The comparison shows that different hybrid TFPWs give different MK test results of the runoff series. All the detrending methods are good and similar when only AR(1) is removed, while when all the AR(n)s are removed, only LMA and LRMA work satisfactorily and even the SM, if coupled with the conventional TFPW, works poorly deviating far away from the real case. This indicates that among all the TFPW methods, LRMA with AR(n) being retained is the best owing to less autocorrelation information lost in its detrending process and more autocorrelation removed in its pre-whitening. In addition, the conventional TFPW-MK, or SM coupled with the AR(1) removal, can still achieve acceptable results, and the original TFPW procedure is effective only when AR(1) is removed.

SWMM模型已被广泛应用于城市区域雨洪模拟及海绵城市设计，为提高参数优化效率，减少模型不确定性的影响，有必要对参数敏感性进行定量分析。以济南市黄台桥排水片区为例，选用基于方差分解的Sobol方法，定量分析不同量级洪水情景及不同预报精度评价标准下SWMM模型参数的敏感性。研究结果表明：（1）SWMM模型参数的敏感性在不同量级洪水和不同目标函数的情况下表现均不相同，模型参数具有较大的不确定性；（2）不透水区洼蓄量、最小入渗率、河道及管道糙率系数对Nash效率系数作用显著；（3）洪水量级相对较小时，SWMM模型参数间相互作用现象较为明显，但随着洪水量级的增加，参数相互作用逐渐减小；（4）Sobol方法能定量分析模型参数敏感性及参数间相互作用，适用于城市水文模型敏感性相关研究。

以普陀山岛–葫芦岛潮流能试验场为研究区域，三维、二维数学模型相结合，模拟分析了发电装置对试验场局部近场、大范围远场水动力的影响情况。提出一种基于能量方程的装置概化方法，即采用流场上下游沿程阻力损失量化装置对水流影响，并对概化后各组合等效与综合糙率进行回归分析，得到来流流速与综合糙率的函数关系。建立三维局部流场模型，利用计算流体动力学（CFD）软件模拟分析了装置在7种转速-流速组合下的局部流场分布。采用有限元法（FEM）离散二维浅水环流方程，建立二维潮流数学模型，并将综合糙率函数关系代入，通过修改装置所在网格糙率来模拟装置产生的影响。结果表明，全体装置布设时某个涨落潮历时下、全潮过程下，装置对流场的影响范围与潮流流速、装置泊位附近地形有关，离装置越远，装置对流场影响越小。整体上，装置对远场流速影响程度较小，流速变化量最小在2%左右，最大不超过布设前流速8%。

Mountain snow is one of the main water source for the Aksu River in Xinjiang. A comprehensive analysis of spatio-temporal variations in the mountain snow in the Aksu River basin can provide a basic support for runoff analysis. In this paper, the snow products of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) during the period of 2001-2014 were used to analyze the snow cover area and its spatio-temporal variations in the Aksu River basin. Results show that in this period of 14 years, the snow cover area took a decreasing trend in the annual, seasonal and monthly scales, with particularly significant decreasing in the annual maximum snow cover and the snow cover in summer. The major significant changes of snow cover occurred in Tuoshigan River mountainou area, mountainous border region and the west of Kumalake River mountain area in the winter and summer, and significant reduction in permanent snow area occurred in the east of Kumalake River mountain area. Without considering other meteorological factors, temperature rising could be a major cause for reduction in the snow cover.

Along with rapid change in global climate and fast development in urbanization, the frequency of urban waterlogging events becomes increasingly higher. Dongguan is located in the Pearl River Delta, a region of high-level economic development that is vulnerable to attacks by storm surges and high level floods in its outer rivers. Hence, waterlogging threat to this city is becoming increasingly higher and its waterlog control requires a storm water model for evaluation of its existing drainage capacity and risks of waterlogging. This study coupled LISFLOOD-FP (a 2D hydrodynamic model) with SWMM (a 1D model for a drainage system) in simulations of rainstorms and waterlogging over a study area covering typical regions of Dongguan and obtained following conclusions. By constructing a SWMM model and coupling SWMM and LISFLOOD-FP for the city, we simulated the inundated area of waterlogging and its water depth. Verification with the measured rainfall data of 13-6-2008 rainstorm shows that this coupling model was effective and satisfactory. Then, the model was used to simulate the design rainfalls with return periods of 0.5, 1, 2, 5, and 20 years. Results indicates that as the return period increases from 0.5 to 20 years, the discharges are increased at outfalls, overflow discharges, and the number of flooding nodes in the study area, and the floods have earlier peak flows and longer durations. And the inundated area increases from 0.92 to 1.93 km2, with a portion of 0.02 to 0.25 km2 subject to flooding deeper than 2m. In the study area, high risk waterlogging covers Dongzong road, Dongchengxi road, Yinshan street, and Donghui road.

Valley deformation of the reservoir behind a high arch dam at initial impoundment stage affects the current working behaviors of the dam and its long-term safety. Monitoring the deformation of reservoir valley and hydraulic structures is crucial to engineering security. This paper presents a case study of the Xiluodu super-high arch dam project, which is subjected to a significant decrease in valley width at initial impoundment stage. For this reservoir, we obtained the field data of dam deformation in its abutment region collected by the monitoring system of its structures and foundation, along with the field data of valley deformation and its temporal and spatial variations. A preliminary analysis indicated that the dam body has been squeezed by its abutments. A multiple regression model of valley deformation was developed using the least-square method, and it was used to analyze the effects of reservoir stage, atmospheric temperature and time effect on valley deformation. Results show that time effect has been the major factor causing a large proportion of the valley deformation, rather than reservoir stage or temperature. At present the ongoing valley deformation of this reservoir is not yet finished and therefore a further study for mechanism analysis of the valley deformation is suggested in this paper.

Studies on the attribution of runoff variation under climate change and human activities are valuable to understanding runoff change. This paper analyzes the quantitative contribution of climate change and human activities to runoff variation, using the Budyko assumption and TOPMODEL with application to a case study of the Beiluo River basin of the Wei River. We have examined 25 scenarios of temperature and precipitation changes in the possible range of climate changes, and analyzed the influence of all these scenarios on the runoff. Simulation results show that historic precipitation and runoff took a decreasing tendency while temperature had a rising trend and both temperature rising and precipitation decreasing made contribution to runoff change. But human activities were the major cause for runoff decreasing over the last 50 years and this had a contribution rate up to 58.9% and 65.2% by the two methods respectively. Under different scenarios, the variation in monthly runoff shows a wide range and the influence of precipitation change is stronger than that of temperature change, indicating precipitation change as a major factor of the future variation in water resources.

Aeration tank is a core device in treatment of activated sludge waste water, and understanding its flow structure is crucial to improvement of its oxygen transfer and sewage treatment. An Euler-Euler multiphase flow model combined with a standard k-ε turbulence model (FLUENT 6.3) has been used in this study to simulate a typical plug-flow aeration tank. We analyzed the velocity distributions for two cases of different aeration tube installation, located at the tank centerplane and near a tank wall, and compared their velocity uniformity coefficients and velocity differences between the gas and liquid phases at characteristic cross sections. Our findings are that in the near-wall case the flow is more uniform and the velocity difference of two phases smaller, which is a favorable condition for flow mixing in the tank. In this case, the distribution of gas-phase volume fraction over the central longitudinal section at different time is more uniform. Thus, aeration tube installed near a tank wall is a case where both the flow structure and gas content are beneficial to oxygen and mass transfer between the two phases, leading to a higher rate of oxygen utilization and lower energy consumption. The results are useful for optimization of waste water treatment designs.

金沙江乌东德、白鹤滩水电站是目前世界上在建的规模最大、技术难度最高、建设环境条件最复杂的大型水电工程，需要建设300 m级特高混凝土双曲拱坝，面临众多关键技术难题和安全优质建设的管理挑战。本文遵循“全面感知、真实分析、实时控制”的闭环智能控制理论，将现代信息技术与水电工程建设深度融合，构建了聚焦核心工艺过程与主要业务流程的大坝智能建造技术路线。围绕安全优质高效建设乌东德和白鹤滩两座特高拱坝的工程需求，对混凝土施工质量全环节实时监控、混凝土温控全过程实时控制、工程全生命期安全与工作性态评价、全坝低热水泥混凝土性能复核、智能建造管理平台iDam深化研发等关键技术进行了探索研究和实践应用，并研发相应的智能化控制设备和管理系统。工程实践表明，智能建造中形成的关键技术及管理平台极大提高了工程建设的技术水平和管理效率，将提升中国水电的核心竞争力，为“一带一路”水电工程开发和基础设施工程建设提供更好的技术支撑。