Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering

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水力发电学报

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2025 Vol. 44, No. 10 Published: 2025-10-25

	1	Erosion and bank collapse geomechanical model for soil-type bank slopes in Three Gorges Reservoir area: A case study of bank slope from Badong to Wushan
		WANG Li, XIE Mingjing, WANG Shimei, HE Yuanyuan, ZHANG Chenyu, FAN Zhihong
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20251001
		The erosion and bank collapse of soil bank slopes is currently the most prevalent and increasingly severe disaster problems in mountainous reservoir areas, and developing a geomechanical model for this event is the key to prediction and prevention of such disasters. This study constructs an erosion and bank collapse geomechanical model for simulating the soil bank slopes under erosion－through a combination of field investigations, theoretical analyses, laboratory geotechnical tests, and model tests－and applies it in a case study of the Wushan - Badong section of the Three Gorges reservoir area. We have found that the modes of soil bank collapse in the reservoir area can be clarified as two major types－collapse-slip and progressive erosion. Using the data of typical cases, we examine and summarize the characteristics of bank collapse and material composition of the two types. This model is validated under the conditions of the two collapse types with wave action. The results show that for the two types, the model predictions agree with our field observations, verifying the model￠s applicability and reliability. For the collapse-slip type, local wave scour niches are generated first; As these niches develop and come to connection, the bank slope under gravity collapses or slides eventually. In the case of progressive erosion failure, wave erosion niches are also formed in the initial stage due to wave scour. As the eroding process accelerates, wave abrasion eventually dominates. This study lays a basis for further study aimed at prediction and prevention of the bank collapse disasters in reservoir areas.
		2025 Vol. 44 (10): 1-13 [Abstract] ( 84 ) PDF (8131 KB) ( 64 )

	14	Collaborative weights-optimized case recommendation system for levee breach closure
		XU Bin, LI Xu, LIU Junguo, GUAN Jing, HUANG Wei, PANG Rui
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20251002
		Previous methods for levee breach closure planning rely largely on on-site decisions made by technical personnel, lacking systematic support from historical cases and resulting in low efficiency and low accuracy in emergency response. This study develops a collaborative weight-based case recommendation system for levee breach closure, integrating historical case data to lay a basis for decision-making in disaster mitigation. It focuses on the cases of levee breach closures that occurred in China in recent years, and examines the key features in selecting the closure schemes in engineering practice. By adopting correlation analysis with co-occurrence level modification, we complete the missing values in levee breach characteristics, and construct a database for the closure cases. And, we use label encoding to unify semantic and numerical features and a random forest algorithm to assess their objective weights for selecting breach closure schemes. A computational procedure for determining the subjective similarity weights of contingency schemes is also designed. The results indicate the road condition is a dominant factor in selecting breach closure schemes. Our random forest model, focusing on this feature and combined with collaborative weights, achieves an average accuracy improvement of 10% - 25% in similarity matching calculations, compared to other feature-focused combinations. And its selected closure schemes are effective and applicable to on-site emergency rescue operations.
		2025 Vol. 44 (10): 14-28 [Abstract] ( 67 ) PDF (3658 KB) ( 42 )

	29	Mechanical property tests and material selection of geomembrane for seepage control in core-wall rockfill dams
		LIU Qiankun, WU Haimin, LIU Yiduo, ZHAO Hongyu, WANG Wansheng, LIU Baoyong
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20251003
		Deformation behavior of seepage-control geomembranes in the core wall of a rockfill dam is crucial to the safety of its seepage-control system. However, conventional uniaxial tensile tests are of low accuracy in modeling the multidirectional stress state that dominates the operation of a geomembrane. To clarify the deformation capacity of a geomembrane under its real operating conditions, this study puts forward a solution to the challenges in material selection for a rockfill dam core wall, conducts comparative uniaxial and multiaxial tensile tests on three geomembrane materials－HDPE, LLDPE and PVC commonly used in dam seepage-control systems－and examines the mechanical properties of these geomembranes. The findings reveal traditional uniaxial tests overestimate the deformability of geomembranes－the yield strains of HDPE and LLDPE under multiaxial tension (1.6% - 2.4%) are significantly lower than those under uniaxial tension (13%), while PVC exhibits no distinct yield point. However, PVC geomembrane demonstrates ultimate tensile strains (92.8% - 112.4%) that far exceed those of PE (by 34.4% - 50.0%). If elastic-stage strain energy density is used to evaluate deformation adaptability, PVC exhibits the highest elastic strain energy density under multiaxial loading, substantially greater than both PE variants, and thicker PVC geomembranes show greater deformation accommodation capacity. This study demonstrates the elastic strain energy density derived from multiaxial tensile tests can serve as a reliable criterion for assessing deformation performance of seepage-control geomembranes.
		2025 Vol. 44 (10): 29-38 [Abstract] ( 70 ) PDF (2176 KB) ( 50 )

	39	Experimental study on mechanical properties of hydraulic asphalt concrete under triaxial compression
		WANG Qin, LIU Yunhe, CHEN Liangliang, WANG Yuhao, ZHANG Tianyu
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20251004
		The mechanical properties of hydraulic asphalt concrete (HAC) are crucial to the safety and stability of asphalt core dams. Currently, the failure mechanisms of HAC under different confining pressures haves not yet been fully understood, and the relationship between confining pressure and its deformation behavior lacks comprehensive research. And, there exists certain controversy about the determination of its anti-seepage failure point. This paper examines the effect of confining pressure on the failure mode, deformation, and compressive strength of HAC through experimental tests. The results indicate the failure mode of specimens is affected significantly by confining pressure. With an increase in confining pressure, both the peak axial strain and peak lateral strain of HAC increase, during which the former increased by 4.12 times at most, while the peak volume strain tends to be stable; The increase in compressive strength with confining pressure can be described by a power function. We suggest that the peak strength point be taken as the anti-seepage failure point of HAC, and we formulate a corresponding failure criterion. This work clarifies the relationship of the axial strain at the water-inlet point versus the axial strain at the peak-stress point, and laid a theoretical basis for determining the seepage prevention failure point.
		2025 Vol. 44 (10): 39-47 [Abstract] ( 58 ) PDF (3111 KB) ( 42 )

	48	Study on application of improved YOLOv8n model in dam crack detection
		XUE Wenbo, QI Huijun, YIN Guanglin, WU Zhiwei, LI Tongchun
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20251005
		This study presents an improved YOLOv8n-based detection method to address the issue of false detections of dam cracks that is caused by low-quality surveillance images, limited effective samples, and interference from complex backgrounds. This model is trained using a dataset comprising 193 real-world crack images featuring complex engineering backgrounds, and enhanced by modifying the mosaic data augmentation mechanism and incorporating negative sample training targeted at the objects that were often falsely detected. Numerical experiments demonstrate that under small-sample training conditions, the YOLOv8n model achieves a mean Average Precision (mAP) of 89.2%, meeting the requirements of general engineering applications. After negative sample training, the mAP increases to 92.5%, and the false detection rate is reduced by 10.1%, providing an effective solution to the false detection problem in complex background scenarios. Our findings indicate that the YOLOv8n model is well-suited for dam surveillance images of suboptimal quality, and that the negative sample training strategy significantly improves detection accuracy. This approach offers a novel solution to crack identification in hydraulic projects, practically significant for engineering applications.
		2025 Vol. 44 (10): 48-58 [Abstract] ( 91 ) PDF (9341 KB) ( 39 )

	59	Study on intelligent perception and recognition method for dual-layer reinforcement in concrete dams under high-noise conditions
		GUAN Tao, YU Hao, CHEN Purui, REN Bingyu, GUO Zhenbang
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20251006
		Concrete dams are a dam type commonly used in large-scale hydraulic engineering projects; the detection of their reinforcement mesh configurations during construction is fundamental to quality control and the application of intelligent equipment. However, for multi-layer reinforcement in high-noise environments, previous studies have struggled to achieve high-accuracy perception and recognition. This study presents a new intelligent perception and recognition method of high accuracy for such reinforcement mesh structures utilizing 3D LiDAR technology. First, we develop a multi-stage data denoising and preprocessing method based on SOR-DBSCAN-Tensor Voting to enhance the quality and usability of raw data. Then, we adopt the MLESAC algorithm and weighted least squares to formulate a progressive procedure for refined fitting of reinforcement meshes. Finally, a new method for plane fitting of dual-layer reinforcement meshes based on 2D projection MLESAC is implemented to tackle data loss caused by occlusion. And, by integrating this method with the point cloud density maps, the spatial position of the mesh is determined, realizing an effective use of incomplete point cloud data. In a case study of the Tuxikou reservoir, numerical experiments demonstrate our method is effective in leveraging the LiDAR equipment and has achieved refined fitting and reconstruction of the dual-layer reinforcement mesh structures under high-noise conditions, useful for construction site quality control and intelligent equipment application.
		2025 Vol. 44 (10): 59-72 [Abstract] ( 60 ) PDF (2189 KB) ( 44 )

	73	Underwater image enhancement and crack quantification driven by deep learning and transfer learning
		LIN Chuan, LIU Rongfeng, SU Yan, LIN Weiwei, HU Zelin, DU Zhejia
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20251007
		Acquiring high-quality underwater crack images and achieving efficient identification and quantification are crucial for enhancing dam inspection efficiency. To address the challenges associated with underwater image degradation and crack quantification, this study develops a deep learning and transfer learning-based method for underwater image enhancement and crack analysis. We construct a new platform for underwater imaging and data acquisition, and develop a conditional diffusion model using public marine image datasets as prior knowledge for cross-domain multi-source enhancement. Crack detection is performed using YOLOv12, followed by morphological operations for feature quantification. Experimental results demonstrate our method significantly outperforms conventional approaches in terms of visual quality, no-reference metrics, and pixel allocation. The integrated detection model improves accuracy while reducing missed detections, and the quantification method extracts crack parameters effectively. The enhancement-identification-quantification closed-loop framework developed in this study is an effective technical solution to intelligent underwater inspections.
		2025 Vol. 44 (10): 73-84 [Abstract] ( 74 ) PDF (6159 KB) ( 55 )

	85	Optimal decision-making for complex urban water supply network system
		SHEN Siqi, LIU Zhao, XU Jiaqi, HU Lina, GUAN Zilong, CHENG Hansen, YUE Jiayin
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20251008
		Focusing on the application of forecast-based scheduling in optimal decision-making for complex urban water supply network systems, this study formulates a conceptual framework for integrating hydrological and rainfall forecast information. And we develop an optimal decision-making model for complex urban water supply networks, targeting at dual objectives－to maximize reservoir group safety and economic efficiency, and considering holistically the practical constraints, such as reservoir structural integrity, downstream flood control requirements, water treatment plant intake capacity, maximum allowable pipeline flow rates, and urban water supply reliability. This model has achieved a success in application to Ningbo's municipal water supply network system, validating its operational effectiveness. This case study demonstrates it can effectively adjust scheduling strategies and coordinate reservoir operations based on the hydrological conditions forecasted prior to flood events. It generates scheduling schemes that maintain a high operational safety level (100% water supply guarantee rate) while achieving an water resource utilization rate of 41.3% in flood periods, meeting the design requirements completely. This study helps design and optimize the complex urban water supply network systems.
		2025 Vol. 44 (10): 85-98 [Abstract] ( 77 ) PDF (5049 KB) ( 58 )

	99	Simulations of fish habitat suitability in entire lower reach of Yellow River
		LI Guangmiao, ZHANG Yu, WANG Hao, WU Zi
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20251009
		Fish habitat suitability models are critical to assessing riverine ecological health. Previous studies on the habitat simulations of the Yellow River carp－an ecological indicator species－rely largely on two-dimensional or three-dimensional hydrodynamic modeling. However, most of these approaches are limited to short river reaches of tens of kilometers due to high computational demands and challenges in acquiring high-resolution topographic data, focusing on the influence of water depth and flow velocity in rivers. This study develops a one-dimensional water-sediment-temperature coupled numerical model that achieves a rapid simulation of water-sediment-temperature processes along the entire lower Yellow mainstream, allowing to account for different cross-sectional geometries and various flow velocity distributions. We have conducted habitat suitability simulations based on the daily-scale flows and sediment data of 1999-2021, and the results reveal that in this reach, the total water volume is a dominant factor of its downstream ecological health. As the volume increases, the weighted usable area of habitats increases initially and then decreases, peaking in an optimal volume range of 25.5 - 36.5 billion m3. In the range of 20 - 25 billion m3, the weighted usable area is in quite scattering, highlighting the dominant role of flow and sediment changes in shaping the overall ecosystem health in this reach. The simulations further demonstrate high sediment concentrations in the flow-sediment regulation period reduce the weighted usable area drastically, yet the overall impact of its sediment remains limited because the duration of high-sediment transport in flood season is short. This study has developed a basic tool for assessing river ecosystem health that helps further exploration of ecological thresholds and sustainable water resource management of large sediment-laden rivers.
		2025 Vol. 44 (10): 99-108 [Abstract] ( 65 ) PDF (836 KB) ( 39 )

	109	Development and validation of scales for top-level governance effectiveness in mega-scale water infrastructure projects
		DING Jiyong, ZHOU Aoxi, LI Na, YU Xin, ZHANG Gupeng
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20251010
		The top-level governance of mega-scale water infrastructure projects has a profound impact on successful implementation and efficient operation. In modernizing such governance, an accurate understanding and evaluation of its effectiveness is a basic issue. Combining literature review and qualitative meta-analysis methods, the connotation and structure of the top-level governance effectiveness are defined and tested, and its evaluation scale is formulated and tested. The results show the top-level governance effectiveness is involved with a multidimensional concept－including three dimensions: decision-making effectiveness, regulatory effectiveness, and coordination effectiveness. And the defined scale consists of three factors and 16 items and enjoys good reliability and validity. The findings of this study help enrich and improve the theoretical governance system of mega-scale water conservancy infrastructure projects, and lay a basis for formulating targeted strategies and improving governance effectiveness, significant in promoting the management of such projects.
		2025 Vol. 44 (10): 109-120 [Abstract] ( 62 ) PDF (543 KB) ( 35 )

	121	Experimental tests and analysis on special pressure pulsations in draft tube of Francis turbine
		ZHOU Lingjiu, PANG Jiayang, CHENG Huan, KANG Wenzhe, CHEN Hongyu, WANG Zhengwei
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20251011
		Spiral vortex ropes in the draft tube under certain partial load conditions could be frequently observed in the model tests of Francis turbines. In addition to typical vortex rope rotation frequencies fv, pressure signals recorded at the draft tube wall monitor points often exhibit the rotational frequency fn and its higher-order harmonics (1 ~ 5)fn as distinct spectral components. Under certain operating conditions, these special frequency components show significant amplitudes, yet their underlying generation mechanisms remain controversial. This study examines the internal flow characteristics of a Francis turbine operating under typical vortex rope conditions. By combining the data from high-speed imaging with pressure fluctuation measurements, this study presents a systematic analysis on the effects of unit discharge, unit speed, and cavitation number on the vortex rope structure and pressure pulsation characteristics, focusing on analyzing the possible sources of the harmonics (1 ~ 5)fn. The results indicate that unit discharge significantly influences the amplitude of the vortex rope rotation at fv when the spiral vortex rope is visible, pressure pulsation amplitudes at fv increase substantially. In contrast, weaker effects of cavitation number and unit speed are cast on the amplitude at fv. Additionally, under certain specific conditions, a slender and stable cavitating spiral vortex rope forms in the draft tube, where the amplitude at fn sharply increases. This phenomenon is believed to be closely related to hydraulic system resonance triggered by this cavitating rope. The special harmonics at (1 ~ 5)fn are likely attributed to the elliptical cross-section of the vortex rope and its self-rotation, which is characterized by frequencies close to (1 ~ 5)fn.
		2025 Vol. 44 (10): 121-132 [Abstract] ( 82 ) PDF (5712 KB) ( 54 )