Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering

水力发电学报

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2020 Vol. 39, No. 5 Published: 2020-05-25

	1	Development and prospect of deformation compatibility control of earth core embankment dams ^Hot!
		DENG Gang, HUANGFU Zehua, WU Yingli, ZHANG Yanyi, CHEN Hui, ZHANG Yinqi, YANG Yusheng
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20200501
		Major accidents in the history of high earth core embankment dams are examined, such as seepage failures of earth core, hydraulic fracturing, and longitudinal cracks of dam crest. Possible causes of the accidents are discussed. As a consequence, we suggest a technical requirement of deformation compatibility control that special attention should be paid to the constraint effect from abutment rock slope, the aggravation of deformation discordance caused by rapid impounding, and the strict control over dam shell deformation. Then we examine interaction related to the deformation compatibility of earth core embankment dams and its three-dimensional and long-term characteristics, and reveal a failure mechanism of earth core hydraulic fracturing based on the compatibility criteria of deformation along abutment slope. For the deformation compatibility control of dams, the development process of its cognition transformation, prediction capability, and control method are summarized. And the process of technical development in its requirements are reviewed, which is generalized as a procedure from the compatibility of surface settlement to the combination of surface settlement and internal settlement, and then from traditional spatial deformation compatibility to long-term spatial dynamic deformation compatibility. Prospects for further technological development are also presented.
		2020 Vol. 39 (5): 1-16 [Abstract] ( 183 ) PDF (1845 KB) ( 616 )

	17	Mechanism of particle shape affecting force transfer properties of granular geo-materials
		ZOU Yuxiong, ZHOU Wei, CHEN Yuan, CAO Xuexing, MA Gang
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20200502
		Granular materials are widely used in rockfill dams, subgrades and other projects; particle shape is an important factor affecting their mechanical properties, which is worthy of further study. In this work, a combined finite and discrete element method (FDEM) is used to simulate the triaxial tests of aggregates of ellipsoidal particles. To investigate the force transfer characteristics of granular materials, nodal forces in the contact area of particles are aggregated using the density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN). We identify the information of particle contact and examine the effects of different particle shapes on the macroscopic and microscopic mechanical properties. Results show that in terms of macroscopic response to a shift in particle shape away from the sphere, the deviatoric stress of the global granular system increases obviously, accompanied by stronger dilatancy. In terms of microscopic response, shape change significantly increases the number of contacts in a granular system. And remarkably, the proportions of the super strong and very weak contact forces both are increased, and heterogeneity in the distribution of contact force magnitude increased. The results also reveal a significant increase in fabric anisotropy, and the increases in the anisotropy of contact normal vectors and branch vectors are most significant.
		2020 Vol. 39 (5): 17-26 [Abstract] ( 244 ) PDF (3515 KB) ( 438 )

	27	Frequency of pouring space conflicts in dam construction under wind influence
		CHEN Shu, TIAN Ya, YUAN Yue
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20200503
		Winds often trigger oscillations of vertical concrete transport machinery, which enlarges the impact space of a cable crane on dam block surface operation and raises the frequency of space conflicts, enhancing the potential of accidents. High conflict frequency in cross operation space under wind loads is a major root of construction accidents during dam concrete pouring. This study explores the wind influence on the operation of a bucket, and constructs an equation for its falling motion under the accident condition. And based on this, we explicitly calculate the impact space of a falling bucket, and analyze the variations in the physical working space of the machines according to the size of dam block surface. Besides, we present a new cyclic network method for simulating cross operation overlapping time and determining the conflict frequency between impact space and working space. A joint probability with the occurrence frequency of different wind speeds is used to characterize the space conflict frequency of three-dimensional cross operation. Comparison with filed data shows that our new model can effectively quantify and predict the space conflict frequency of concrete pouring under various wind loads, thereby being useful for improving dam construction safety management.
		2020 Vol. 39 (5): 27-35 [Abstract] ( 116 ) PDF (794 KB) ( 263 )

	36	Study and application of multi-objective programming model for supplementary power stations of power system
		JI Changming, ZHAO Yawei, MA Haoyu, ZHANG Yanke, SU Yangyue
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20200504
		Aimed at the power balance planning of power systems with power supply shortage, we develop a multi-objective optimization model for the supplementary power stations – hydropower or thermal power – to achieve its lowest present total cost in operation period and smallest installed capacity. To solve this model, a constrained method, limiting the capacity between its smallest and largest values, is used to transform the multi-objective problem into single-objective optimization for power system economic planning. We adopt an improved progressive optimality algorithm to solve the model, so that dimension disaster can be effectively alleviated to obtain uniformly distributed Pareto solution set. Then, the ideal point method is used to single out the optimal solution. Application to the Yunnan power grid shows the proposed model can consider different types of supplementary power stations and their installed capacities and the power system economic planning, thus helping supplementary power station planning.
		2020 Vol. 39 (5): 36-50 [Abstract] ( 148 ) PDF (573 KB) ( 360 )

	51	Analysis on evolving trends of streamflow in the semi-arid region in Northeast China under changing environment. A case study of Taoer River basin
		LIU Qining, XIN Zhuohang, HAN Jianxu, SUN Yan, ZHANG Xiaojing. ZHANG Chi
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20200505
		Climate change and human interferences have induced alterations in the streamflow of many rivers. An important issue is to understand the causes of historical streamflow changes and meanwhile explore their evolving trends in the future. This paper presents an application of the SWAT model to the Taoer River basin. We quantify the impacts of climate change and human activities on the streamflow changes in historical period, and apply the model to project the trends in the streamflow changes under different future climate scenarios. Results indicate that in the historical period, the annual mean air temperature was increasing significantly, whereas precipitation and streamflow decreased. Climate change and human activities were the main causes of streamflow changes in the upper and lower reaches, respectively. Under the BCC-CSM2-MR (CMIP6) climate scenarios in the future, annual streamflow is projected to decrease, indicating a more challenging situation in water resources utilization. This study reveals the causes of historical streamflow alterations and the future trends of water resources, helping water resources planning and management in the basin scale.
		2020 Vol. 39 (5): 51-63 [Abstract] ( 222 ) PDF (642 KB) ( 485 )

	64	Study on linear optimal control method of open canal flows coupled with feedforward control strategy
		YANG Qian, KONG Lingzhong, SONG Peibing, LEI Xiaohui, WANG Hao
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20200506
		Aimed at the drawback of a linear optimal control algorithm failing to formulate a control strategy in advance based on water diversion information, this paper describes a feedforward strategy for planned water distribution and a linear optimal control method coupled with this strategy based on a simplified integral delay model of canal flows. We apply the method to the simulations of a canal, i.e., the last 6 pools of the middle route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project. The results show that under the strategy the flows under the controlling gates can be quickly adjusted to a reasonable range causing small water level fluctuations only, and the feedback control method achieves a reasonable gradual elimination of water level deviations. Compared with using a linear optimal control algorithm alone, this method can responds to the flow in advance and more quickly and reduce more effectively water level deviations caused by flow imbalance.
		2020 Vol. 39 (5): 64-71 [Abstract] ( 91 ) PDF (502 KB) ( 269 )

	72	Characteristics of vertical profiles of suspended sediment in Jingjiang reach under influence of Three Gorges dam
		HE Li, CHEN Dong, DUAN Guanglei, PENG Yuming
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20200507
		Since the operation of the Three Gorges dam (TGD), both bed material and suspended sediment load in the Jingjiang reach have become coarser. Certain vertical profiles of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) are characterized with a near-bed layer (with a thickness less than 10% of the water depth) of extraordinarily large concentration. Such profiles significantly deviate from the classical Rouse equation, and errors in the numerical simulations of them have not been fully understood yet. In this study, we collect the SSC data measured at the Shashi and Jianli hydrological stations before and after the dam operation, and estimate the profiles using the Rouse equation and Han equation for non-equilibrium conditions. Our analysis shows the vertical profiles have two new characteristics–coarser particles of depth-averaged diameters larger than 0.1 mm, and a longer tail or a near-bed layer of extraordinarily high concentration. We found the Rouse equation is not applicable to the SSC profiles of coarse diameters in the unsaturated sediment regime. And contribution to suspended load by this near-bed layer with the two new characteristics may be much larger than that of a common SSC profile, causing underestimation of the suspended load in the Jingjiang reach. Thus, it is essential to take measurement of the near-bed layer.
		2020 Vol. 39 (5): 72-80 [Abstract] ( 154 ) PDF (433 KB) ( 337 )

	81	Application of ultrasonic measurement of water flows in converging intakes and accuracy analysis
		MIAO Qisen, HU Heming, MAO Jingqiao, ZHANG Peng, LIU Yuan
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20200508
		Multi-path ultrasonic flow measurement devices have mature mathematical models when used for flows in pipes or rectangular culverts. But measurement difficulty is greatly increased, when applied to a converging intake of pumping stations, due to the change in its cross-sectional area and complicated distribution of flow velocity. We conduct CFD simulations of the internal flow field in the converging intakes of the Qian Liulin pump station, analyze the path velocity distribution characteristics of the ultrasonic device, and compare the measurement accuracy of two different flow calculation models. The results show a flow rate calculation error of roughly 3% - 4% that is caused by applying the rectangular algorithm to calculation of the converging intakes. And for a converging intake, accuracy improvement by the rectangular optimization algorithm OWIRS is not applicable, while its measurement accuracy can be improved through modifying the location of the Gauss-Legendre calculation section. Path losing in actual measurement will cause an obvious deviation of the flow measurement, and the curve fitting method can compensate the deviation to a certain extent.
		2020 Vol. 39 (5): 81-89 [Abstract] ( 103 ) PDF (1555 KB) ( 301 )

	90	Review on application of environmental DNA technology in river ecosystems
		WANG Yurong, WEN Jiating, ZHANG Jianmin
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20200509
		Environmental DNA (eDNA) is the sum of all the DNA extracted from environmental samples. eDNA technology is used for qualitative or quantitative analysis of the species, community structure, and living habits of the environment through identifying eDNA. It is a new monitoring and analysis technology advantageous in low cost, high efficiency, high sensitivity, and low interference to ecosystems. This paper reviews the related concept, technical process and analysis methods, and summarizes its advantages over traditional methods, focusing on the state of arts applications in invasive species monitoring, rare and endangered species monitoring, biomass estimation, biodiversity investigation, water quality and water pollution assessment, and river health assessment. We suggest some problems in the existing eDNA technology and potential directions for further studies.
		2020 Vol. 39 (5): 90-98 [Abstract] ( 283 ) PDF (493 KB) ( 363 )

	99	Study on water exchange in Bohai Bay under effects of tides and seasonal winds
		TAO Lei, SUN Jian, LIU Haiying, LI Yuanyi, SHANG Jiancheng, LIN Binliang, NIE Zhenhua, YUAN Dekui
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20200510
		The Bohai Bay is encircled by the Bohai Sea economic zone and faces high pressure of environmental protection due to its high pollution load. Water exchange capacity is a key factor of environmental capacity, and in the bay it is dominated by tides and winds. This study develops a water age model using an Eulerian approach, and simulates the role of winds in water exchange in this bay, focusing on comparison of the water age and its temporal and spatial distribution characteristics between two cases ? under the combined effects of tides and winds, and under the effect of tides only. The results show wind action is a crucial factor of water exchange that greatly accelerates the exchange between the bay and the Yellow Sea. Seasonal variations in water age reveal that the exchange between the bay and the central Bohai Sea is strong in winter and weak in summer.
		2020 Vol. 39 (5): 99-107 [Abstract] ( 887 ) PDF (1486 KB) ( 352 )

	108	Review on research of rotodynamic multiphase pumps
		XIAO Wenyang, TAN Lei
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20200511
		Oil-gas mixture transport is a crucial technology in crude petroleum and natural gas industry. Rotodynamic multiphase pumps have the advantages of compact structure, wide operation range, and good abrasion resistance. The research on rotodynamic multiphase pumps in China started late and developed slowly. Systematic studies were few and the design theory was immature. The energy performance of a multiphase pump is influenced by inlet gas volume fraction (GVF), rotating speed, and fluid viscosity. This paper summarizes the operation performance of the multiphase pump under different working conditions, describes its typical structure, and expounds the research status of its hydraulic design method and performance optimization. This paper also reviews recent advances in the research of two-phase flow patterns, interphase force, and pressure fluctuation of multiphase pumps. In the end, it suggests some topics for future multiphase pump research.
		2020 Vol. 39 (5): 108-120 [Abstract] ( 178 ) PDF (2665 KB) ( 570 )