Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering

水力发电学报

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2025 Vol. 44, No. 12 Published: 2025-12-25

	1	Optimization of joint drawdown operation for cascade reservoirs in lower Jinsha River ^Hot!
		CAO Rui, LI Shuai, ZHOU Man, ZHAO Zenghui, ZHANG Song, TAN Zhengyu
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20251201
		To explore the coordinated drawdown control strategy for cascade reservoirs in the lower Jinsha River, an optimization model for joint drawdown operation is developed to maximize power generation as the objective. This model integrates those constraints related to power generation, water supply, navigation, and ecology, and uses the Progressive Optimization Algorithm (POA) for model solution. Numerical simulations are conducted for typical inflow scenarios of different frequencies, focusing on quantitative analysis of the compensation benefits of joint operation under the upstream reservoir regulation, and on the drawdown sequence patterns and the optimal control ranges of minimum drawdown water levels under varying inflow conditions. Results show that except for the extreme low-flow scenarios, compensating regulation of the flow－from the Wudongde and Baihetan reservoirs to the Xiluodu and Xiangjiaba reservoirs－enables the cascade system’s total power output to increase by 1.8 - 2.8 billion kW?h (2% - 3%). We recommend that in normal or high-flow scenarios, sequential drawdown should be taken from the upstream to downstream reservoirs, while in low-flow scenarios, the Baihetan reservoir should prioritize drawdown and control the water level dropping as evenly as possible. Except for the extreme low-flow scenarios, the Xiluodu reservoir should maintain high water level to the full, and start a concentrated drawdown in mid-to-late May. We also recommend that the storage in the Wudongde and Baihetan reservoirs should be raised to the flood limited water level in early-to-mid May, be lowered to the lowest in early June, and then start gradual refilling. And the Baihetan reservoir’s lowest drawdown level is 765 - 780 m, with lower drawdown levels in higher flow periods; except for the extreme low-flow scenarios, the Xiluodu reservoir’s lowest drawdown level is 560 m.
		2025 Vol. 44 (12): 1-12 [Abstract] ( 53 ) PDF (776 KB) ( 53 )

	13	Analysis of research progress on eco-hydrology of Mu Us Sandy Land based on knowledge graph
		TANG Yilang, WENG Baisha, YAN Denghua, DUAN Limin, GAO Haibo, MIAO Ping, WU Hantu, GUO Jianying, ZHANG Tiegang
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20251202
		This paper screens 1 063 research papers on eco-hydrology in the Mu Us Sandy Land from the beginning of the literature collection (1983) to 2024 in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Web of Sciences Core Collection database. By using bibliometric analysis and visualization analysis, we examine temporal trends in the publication numbers of the above literature, research situation in countries and regions, institutional distributions, keywords and their clustering, etc., and summarize the progress of research on eco-hydrology for this region. The results show the previous studies of eco-hydrology focused on three subjects of this sandy land－the evolution pattern of eco-hydrological elements and their mutual feedback mechanism, the driving mechanism of this evolution, and the effects of desertification and how to prevent it in such a sandy condition. Based on the analysis above, we give suggestions for continuous consolidation of the desertification control achievements in this land. Future research should prioritize eco-hydrological processes, climate change adaptation, and ecosystem protection in the Mu Us Sandy Land.
		2025 Vol. 44 (12): 13-29 [Abstract] ( 35 ) PDF (4807 KB) ( 24 )

	30	Attaining water balance between the Three Gorges and Gezhouba reservoirs based on head loss coefficient correction
		BAO Yifan, LIU Pan, ZHANG Wei, LIU Yuan, ZHAO Hui, LIU Yang, ZHANG Aonan
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20251203
		By previous calculations, a significant imbalance has occurred for decades long in the upstream and downstream flows of the Three Gorges reservoir and Gezhouba reservoir, severely affecting the practices of flow forecasting, reservoir operation, and power production. After examining the inflow and outflow on different scales, we find that this imbalance is caused by the errors in the previous calculations of power generation flows, and the underlying cause is the poor calculation method of head loss around the Gezhouba dam. This paper develops a novel head loss model for achieving the water balance of the two reservoirs. We adopt the latest unit characteristic curves and the Shuffled Complex Evolution Algorithm in our calibration of the head loss coefficients for each generating unit, and apply the corrected loss coefficients to the calculations of power generation flows, achieving satisfactory water balance results. For the whole year of 2024, or the verification period, our calculations reduce the water volume gap from 11.52 billion m3 to 0.16 billion m3, and correct the previous average head loss of 28.31 cm to a new smaller value of 6.27 cm. Thus, this study significantly reduces water imbalance in cascade reservoirs caused by power generation flow calculation errors.
		2025 Vol. 44 (12): 30-39 [Abstract] ( 38 ) PDF (3078 KB) ( 21 )

	40	Study on effectiveness of L-shaped sediment diversion sills at intake of diversion-type hydropower station
		LIAN Jijian, LI Jinxuan, LIU Fang, XU Kui
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20251204
		To address severe bed load sedimentation at the intake of a diversion-type hydropower station, this study works out a new L-shaped structure of sediment diversion sills. A laboratory scale model experiment and numerical simulations are used to study the behaviors of these sills on a movable-bed in a case study of a large diversion-type hydropower station. Their hydraulic characteristics and sediment exclusion effectiveness are examined using comparative analysis against the traditional sills of straight shapes, focusing on the effects of their layout parameters (spacing, height, and angle) and hydraulic parameters. Results demonstrate the L-shaped sills achieve superior sediment exclusion performance, effectively diverting sediment away from the intake while minimizing sediment migration behind them. The sill height imposes a critical influence on exclusion efficiency－a 2 m increase leads to a 59% reduction in sediment deposition volume behind the sediment retention sill. The diverting sills maintain effective sediment control under varying diversion ratios and Froude numbers, but as both parameters increase, sediment migrates toward the first upstream sill and deposition increases on its lee side and behind the retention sill. And, the structure causes minimal extra head loss－its average head loss is as low as 0.069 m at the relative sill height of 5 m. Thus, the L-shaped sill and its design provide a novel solution to sediment control in water intake structures.
		2025 Vol. 44 (12): 40-51 [Abstract] ( 62 ) PDF (6055 KB) ( 34 )

	52	Application of multi-objective grey wolf optimization algorithm to load dispatch of hydropower units
		YU Huiqun, YAO Yuchen, QIU Yaming
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20251205
		Unit load dispatch optimization for hydropower stations is critical to improving their operational efficiency and economic performance. Traditional single-objective optimization methods have struggled in the balance between economic performance and operational safety. This paper constructs an optimization model that has two objectives－to minimize water consumption of a hydropower station and reduce the number of times its units cross into the vibration zone. The Multi-Objective Grey Wolf Optimization (MOGWO) algorithm is beneficial for optimizing the load dispatch of the units, based on the in-situ data collected from the Yanguoxia hydropower station. Generally, the MOGWO algorithm demonstrates superior overall performance in solving a multi-objective optimization problem, compared to classical multi-objective optimization algorithms－such as the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II), Decomposition-based Multi-objective Evolutionary Algorithm (MOEA/D), and Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO). Simulation results indicate that MOGWO effectively reduces the units’ water consumption rate by 9.7%, and significantly lowers the vibration zone-crossing frequency. The efficient and stable solution proposed in this paper contributes to the effective resolution of multi-objective optimization problems in hydropower unit operation.
		2025 Vol. 44 (12): 52-64 [Abstract] ( 37 ) PDF (2062 KB) ( 33 )

	65	Influence of high pressure edge blade shape on performance of pump-turbine runners
		LI Yunzhe, FENG Jianjun, JIA Guozhang, ZHANG Huan, LUO Xingqi
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20251206
		To improve the operational stability of pump-turbines for wide-load conditions, the influence of the runner blade angle at the high-pressure edges on performance is examined. A detailed analysis of flow characteristics and vortex structures at three blade angles (zero, positive, and negative inclination) for both optimal and low-flow conditions is conducted. Results show that at the optimal operating point, three blades at different angles all feature insignificant differences in performance, while flow instability develops for low-flow conditions because the increased positive incidence angle at the runner inlet leads to severe flow separation on the blades’ suction sides. Additionally, certain axial vortex structures in the runner passage induce backflow, while the negative inclination angle effectively reduces vortex intensity and suppresses backflow, increasing the spacing between dual axial vortices, mitigating vortex interaction, and thereby reducing energy dissipation. Furthermore, low-frequency components of the vortex structure are weakened significantly, contributing to pressure pulsation suppression to a certain extent. Compared to zero and positive inclination angles, the negative angle helps broaden the operational range of pump-turbines in the turbine mode and enhances operational stability.
		2025 Vol. 44 (12): 65-73 [Abstract] ( 64 ) PDF (5707 KB) ( 22 )

	74	Multi-sensor fusion-based localization and mapping for underground powerhouse cavern groups
		ZHANG Zeyuan, WANG Xiaoling, ZHAI Haifeng, ZHANG Jun, YU Jia, CHEN Bin
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20251207
		This study addresses the challenges of low positioning accuracy and poor stability caused by insufficient illumination, dust interference, and communication limitations in the unmanned construction of underground powerhouse cavern groups. We develop a LiDAR-IMU fused localization and mapping method through constructing a multi-sensor fusion framework. A tightly-coupled approach is implemented using the ESKF algorithm to integrate LiDAR point cloud data with IMU motion parameters. Specifically, this system leverages LiDAR for 3D spatial feature extraction to overcome low-light constraints, while utilizing six-degree-of-freedom IMU motion parameters to compensate for data loss during rapid equipment movement or occlusion. The framework is further enhanced through synchronous integration of keyframe matching, video pose optimization, and loop closure detection mechanism to improve system robustness. Simulation tests conducted on the M2DGR dataset demonstrate that this LiDAR-IMU fusion method increases scene coverage by 40% and reduces the average positioning error down to 16 cm, showing its significant accuracy improvement over single LiDAR solutions. Practical engineering applications confirm its effectiveness in overcoming dust interference and dynamic obstacles in complex underground cavern environments, and demonstrate it has achieved a positioning accuracy and mapping stability meeting the construction requirements.
		2025 Vol. 44 (12): 74-83 [Abstract] ( 36 ) PDF (3371 KB) ( 9 )

	84	Effect of water level variation on stress-deformation behavior of CFRD for pumped storage stations
		HU Jinfang, MA Gang, YANG Qigui, WANG Jinzhou, XIONG Kun
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20251208
		Accurate prediction of the stress-deformation behavior of a concrete-faced rockfill dam (CFRD) under frequent reservoir stage fluctuations is critical to ensuring the safety of the pumped-storage power station. This study develops an improved constitutive model, GP_WHU, in the framework of the generalized plasticity theory, and demonstrates the application of a corresponding user module. We conduct triaxial tests on representative volume elements (RVE), and use the measurements to validate the model's performance, verifying its capability of effectively capturing the stress-strain response of rockfill materials under triaxial shear, single loading and unloading, and low-frequency multi-cycle loading and unloading conditions. We apply this new model in a case study of an upper reservoir CFRD under construction for a pumped-storage power station in Hezhou, and conduct numerical simulation of dam filling, initial impoundment, and stress-strain response under cyclic reservoir stage fluctuations. Results show the initial impoundment caused significant displacement increment and principal stress direction deviation in the upstream slope area, with the maximum displacement increment occurring at roughly one-third of the dam height from the bottom. And under cyclic hydrodynamic loading, significant cumulative displacement occurred in the dam body near the bottom of the upstream slope in the water level fluctuation zone, and the maximum settlement increment accounted for roughly 3% to 9% of the settlement at the end of construction. As the cycling number increased, both deformation and stress in the dam body and face slabs gradually incresaed but tended to stabilize after around 100 cycles. The study provides key computational support for a full consideration of the effect of frequent reservoir stage fluctuations in the design and operation of CFRD.
		2025 Vol. 44 (12): 84-99 [Abstract] ( 41 ) PDF (5097 KB) ( 37 )

	100	Haul road routing method for rockfill dams with interval-discretized elevation adjustment
		ZHANG Pengcheng, XU Chaojie, WANG Renchao
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20251209
		This paper constructs an optimization model for selecting on-site haul roads during rockfill dam construction based on a strategy of interval-discretized elevation adjustment, to address the issue of suboptimal haul road routing, which is frequently exacerbated by steep terrain and slope constraints. This model, rooted in the theoretical framework of Least-Cost Path Analysis (LCPA), incorporates critical factors－such as path length, elevation modification, and turning constraints－while leveraging the Dijkstra's algorithm for its efficient calculations of a solution. A comparative case study reveals that in comparison to conventional methods, it reduces the haul road length by 17.33% and the overall cost by 16.17%, improving significantly the cost-effectiveness and rationality of the routing scheme, and thereby validating its performance. And its applicability is further exemplified through a case study of the Cihaxia high concrete-face rockfill dam on the upper Yellow River mainstream. The method obtains a route of construction that agrees closely with the engineer-designed path that was refined using multiple iterations, and thus it would be an innovative solution to the planning of haul road in complex terrains.
		2025 Vol. 44 (12): 100-112 [Abstract] ( 31 ) PDF (3103 KB) ( 17 )

	113	Influence of coarse aggregate volume fraction on wet expansion behaviors of hydraulic concrete
		HUANG Yaoying, ZHOU Yujie, CUI Weitian, LI Zepeng, BAO Tengfei
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20251210
		To address the poor understanding in previous experimental research of hydraulic concrete wet expansion on the influence of coarse aggregate volume fraction, this study adopts a representative concrete mix design often used in typical dam engineering practice, featuring a wet-screened two-stage aggregate gradation. Specimens with coarse aggregate volume fractions of 42%, 47%, 52%, and 57% are designed and tested in our wet expansion experiment, and their wet expansion strain is measured under the condition of different immersion durations. Then, the wet expansion coefficient for each of the volume fractions is determined using the gravimetric method; A new predictive model for wet expansion strain is developed that incorporates the factor of volume fractions explicitly. Results indicate that with an increasing coarse aggregate volume fraction, the wet expansion coefficient increases, but the wet expansion strain is reduced because the rate of reduction in the water absorption rate has a greater effect. Compared to those equipped with a cubic, logarithmic, or combined exponential functions, our new wet expansion strain model based on the hyperbolic function captures more effectively the influence of varying coarse aggregate volume fractions on the wet expansion behaviors of hydraulic concrete.
		2025 Vol. 44 (12): 113-124 [Abstract] ( 37 ) PDF (3710 KB) ( 21 )