Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering

水力发电学报

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2026 Vol. 45, No. 5 Published: 2026-05-25

	1	High-accuracy identification of water bodies and high-frequency dynamic analysis of landscape patterns in Poyang Lake wetlands ^Hot!
		ZHU Jianing, MAO Jingqiao, TIAN Mingming, ZHANG Peipei
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20260501
		As a globally significant floodplain wetland, Poyang Lake features pronounced seasonal variations in its water bodies throughout the year. Accurate identification of the dynamic changes in its water bodies and landscape patterns is crucial to maintaining the stability of its aquatic ecosystem. This paper presents a water body dynamic identification model that we have constructed combining high spatial resolution with high spatiotemporal information. Based on the global surface water dataset JRC-GSW, we first develop a rule-based automatic sampling strategy using multi-source remote sensing data to obtain a high-confidence water body training dataset. Then, a classification model is trained using the Random Forest algorithm, integrating multi-source time-series data to construct a seasonal dynamic feature recognition model for water bodies. In a case study of the Poyang Lake Nanji Wetland National Nature Reserve, this recognition model is applied to examine the 2023 flood season using the data at 10-day intervals and 10-meter resolution. Results demonstrate that it has an enhanced robustness and recognition capability in handling complicated wetland environments, and improves significantly the JRC-GSW products that suffer from water body under-detection and misclassification, enabling intuitive visualization of water body dynamic processes. We reveal the overall water body landscape varies in a pattern characterized by main lake retreat-depression convergence under the condition of an earlier onset of the dry season in this year. This means that the Nanji Wetland's hydrological process is sensitive to seasonal water fluctuations and extreme drought events, a useful factor to the conservation planning and effectiveness evaluation of important wetlands.
		2026 Vol. 45 (5): 1-15 [Abstract] ( 96 ) PDF (8243 KB) ( 96 )

	16	Study on real-time monitoring technology for hydrodynamics of river channel flow downstream of breached dams
		GUO Qiuge, YANG Yang, JIE Yuxin
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20260502
		Real-time and accurate monitoring of the hydrodynamic characteristics of river channel flow downstream of a breached dam is fundamental to the safety protecting performance of a hydraulic project and the decision-making of flood control and disaster mitigation. Traditional contact-based monitoring technologies suffer from response delays and low accuracy, failing to meet emergency monitoring demands. By integrating image recognition technology, LSPIV, and PTV techniques, this study develops an efficient HAIT algorithm engine that significantly enhances accuracy and efficiency in the velocity measurement of the flow passing through the breach and its distribution. Aiming at the challenges in the monitoring in complex scenarios, we adopt the L-K pyramid optical flow algorithm and the image pyramid construction method to resolve optical flow calculation issues in the case of large-scale motion discontinuities. And, we develop a comprehensive technology framework－comprising the composition of the system and its workflow－for river video-based intelligent flow velocity monitoring, and validate its reliability and effectiveness through testing its practical application, as a new tool for riverine hydrodynamic characteristics downstream of a breached dam.
		2026 Vol. 45 (5): 16-29 [Abstract] ( 44 ) PDF (2782 KB) ( 46 )

	30	Overcoming parameter boundary constraints. Advantages of gradient descent algorithms in hydrological model calibration
		GAO Shuai, HUANG Wenqi, ZHENG Huifeng, HUANG Yuefei
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20260503
		Parameter calibration for process-driven hydrological models has long predominantly relied on traditional optimization algorithms such as Genetic Algorithms, while relatively fewer previous studies focused on parameter optimization based on the gradient descent methods. This study aims to examine the applicability of gradient descent algorithms in this field and compare their performance systematically against traditional optimization algorithms. We calibrate the parameters of the Hydrologiska Byr?ns Vattenbalansavdelning (HBV) model using six optimization methods－three gradient descent (GD) algorithms of Adam, AMSGrad, and Adadelta, and three traditional optimization algorithms of Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES), Adaptive Simulated Annealing (ASA), and Genetic Algorithm (GA). The results indicate the GD algorithms are better in computational efficiency and simulation stability. They raise runoff fitting accuracy or Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) by roughly 0.01-0.02 compared to traditional algorithms, and reduce Top Peak Error (TPE) by up to 23%. And, they can explore adaptively beyond initial parameter constraints－different from the traditional optimization algorithms that heavily rely on predefined parameter ranges－so that they are effective in guiding parameters toward a more physically reasonable space and significantly reducing dependence on parameter specification. This study has achieved an effective approach for hydrological model parameter optimization, useful for further theoretical or practical studies.
		2026 Vol. 45 (5): 30-43 [Abstract] ( 49 ) PDF (6467 KB) ( 53 )

	44	Analysis of diametrical components of pump-turbine runner modes and flow-induced vibration
		XIA Xiang, JIN Faye, HAN Wenfu, MENG Long, DENG Lei
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20260504
		Flow-induced vibration of a pump-turbine runner is a major challenge in practical operation, and modal analysis is key to understanding its characteristics. This study uses an acoustic-structure coupling method to determine the natural modes of a prototype pump-turbine runner in the flow passage. The nodal diametrical numbers in each mode are identified through Fourier series expansion of the distribution of the runner outer rim displacement along its circular path. Based on the rotor-stator interaction (RSI) theory, the harmonic responses of the runner under specific excitations are calculated using an acoustic-structure coupling model, and its frequency avoidance range is then examined. The results show each runner mode contains multiple diametrical components. For a 9-blade runner, its natural mode numbers always couple with those associated components taking values with a difference of ±9. It is noteworthy that an excitation force that matches the derived diametrical number can effectively excite the natural mode dominated by the original one. In addition, under specific excitations, certain higher-order modes exhibit strong resonance with amplitudes comparable to those of lower-order modes. These findings indicate the real excitation characteristics of pump-turbine runners are more complicated than commonly assumed, posing greater challenges in vibration avoidance.
		2026 Vol. 45 (5): 44-54 [Abstract] ( 46 ) PDF (3972 KB) ( 36 )

	55	Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method for grouting quality by integrating rock wall integrity
		WANG Guilin, LI Biao, LIAO Mingyong, YANG Xinjie, XIANG Xuekun, LI Baiyi
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20260505
		This paper develops a new comprehensive evaluation method of grouting quality with multi-indices synergy, to solve the problem that the traditional evaluation methods rely on a single index and suffer poor capability of reflecting the behaviors of grouted rock mass. First, we construct an index system with four indicators: post-grouting Lugeon value, rock wall integrity index, acoustic wave speed, and unit grout consumption, in order to evaluate the dual criteria of permeability and compactness. Then, we use an analytic hierarchy procedure and the entropy weight method to calculate subjective and objective weights separately, and combine the weights to balance expert experience and data characteristics through applying the game theory. Finally, we achieve the quantitative grading of grouting quality by constructing a membership degree matrix based on the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. Application to a hydropower station project in Southwest China shows a comprehensive evaluation weight vector of [0.396, 0.2655, 0.1658, 0.2091]T and the grouting quality indices of 4.307, 3.769, 4.356, and 4.365 for the four evaluation units respectively. Compared with the traditional single-index method, this new method gives the same overall trend of grouting quality, but can identify local weak grouting areas with higher accuracy. This study demonstrates the advantages of multi-indices synergy, rational weighting, and robust evaluation of our new method, and lays a basis for better grouting quality assessment and supplementary grouting decision-making.
		2026 Vol. 45 (5): 55-68 [Abstract] ( 52 ) PDF (5768 KB) ( 23 )

	69	Energy discrimination model for earthquake liquefaction of plain earth dams and numerical analysis
		CAI Zhiwei, CUI Wei, JI Shukai
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20260506
		Liquefaction of earth dams in plain areas with soft foundation of permeable layer poses a great threat to their safety. Previous liquefaction studies widely used in engineering were based on the stress of foundation soil, but this leads to a low accuracy due to the neglected effects of seismic load duration and randomness. This study presents an energy-based liquefaction discrimination method that calculates the normalized dissipated energy per unit soil volume and is implemented via finite element calculations for prediction of the liquefaction triggering possibility. We have verified the method using the historical records of soil liquefaction and achieved a good accuracy. In the case study of a plain reservoir, a three-dimensional model of its earth dam is constructed with the inclined incidence of ground motion being simulated, and the liquefaction region is predicted by this energy-based method. The results show its predictions improve significantly in comparison with the traditional stress method: the liquefaction locations are generally the same, both occurring at the dam toe and heel, but its ranges are more refined. Thus, our method would help theoretical and practical analysis of seismic liquefaction evaluation of earth dams in plain areas.
		2026 Vol. 45 (5): 69-79 [Abstract] ( 47 ) PDF (2066 KB) ( 25 )

	80	Deformation prediction method of earth rock dams under environmental data distortion conditions
		CHEN Liangjie, LI Meng, LI Yan, LIN Taiqing, XIONG Jiagui
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20260507
		During the daily operation and management of an earth-rock dam, data monitoring often suffers from difficulties caused by environmental data distortion and even data sequence gaps or interruptions. Owing to this challenge, traditional prediction methods have struggled to conduct a scientific and reliable analysis of the dam￠s deformation behaviors and health conditions. This paper presents a novel prediction method for earth-rock dam deformation, based on a single-time-series optimization model and the multi-scale combination theory. We consider the strong time-dependence of these deformation behaviors, and construct a Transformer single-time-series training model that features an excellent capability of global dependency learning to capture the autocorrelation of target variables accurately. And, variational mode decomposition is adopted to implement frequency-domain preprocessing of the training samples to reduce cross-interference from multi-frequency components and noise within the data. Further, we use the Kepler optimization algorithm to optimize the decomposition parameters and the historical information volume input for sub-sequence training, and thereby achieve a deformation prediction model for earth-rock dams under the condition of environmental data distortion. Case studies demonstrate this new method presents satisfactory prediction performance and strong generalization capability of handling non-stationary and low-quality monitoring data, showing a promising potential for practical deformation analysis of earth-rock dams under complicated monitoring conditions.
		2026 Vol. 45 (5): 80-94 [Abstract] ( 63 ) PDF (6498 KB) ( 37 )

	95	Aging performance of granite asphalt concrete in high-altitude and intense ultraviolet environments
		MENG Fanxing, XU Zengguang, FU Han, CAO Cheng, JIN Fajian
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20260508
		To examine the time-evolving performance of acidic aggregate asphalt concrete in high-altitude and strong ultraviolet (UV) environments, this study selects acidic granite and alkaline limestone asphalt concretes for UV aging tests, and evaluates their mechanical properties by conducting beam bending tests. We develop a coupling model of temperature and UV radiation effects, using the response surface methodology (RSM) and three indicators－stress, strain, and critical flexural strain energy density. The results show UV aging causes chemical damage to the asphalt matrix, leading to the development and time-dependent propagation of cracks in the mixture, which results in a decrease in deformability. The damage effects vary significantly across different temperatures, and the material at 0 ℃ features a higher strength, a greater deformability, and the best UV resistance stability. As aging develops, the maximum difference in peak strain between limestone and granite asphalt concretes can reach 50%. This study reveals the performance degradation of acidic aggregate asphalt concrete in alpine and strong UV environments, and quantifies its differences from alkaline materials, laying a basis for selecting anti-seepage materials for asphalt concrete face slabs.
		2026 Vol. 45 (5): 95-108 [Abstract] ( 88 ) PDF (5418 KB) ( 32 )

	109	Dynamic stability analysis of entire radial gate structure under flow-induced periodic loads
		WU Xiaofeng, YANG Hao, WU Jian, LI Yuchun
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20260509
		The arm structures of certain radial gates in operation have experienced dynamic instabilities (parametric resonances) under flow-induced periodic loads, leading to considerable structural damage. At present, the mechanism of parametric resonance in radial gates is not fully understood yet, and few practical methods of structural dynamics analysis are applicable to real engineering projects. Many of the previous studies on the dynamic stability simplified the arm structure as a single-span beam, neglecting the dynamic behavior of the whole structure. The computational models often deviated from actual conditions significantly. This paper presents a finite element model of the entire radial gate structure and an in-plane parametric vibration equation. Then, we evaluate the dynamic stability of structural parametric resonance by integrating the Newmark method with the energy growth exponent. Numerical examples demonstrate that in the case of its excitation parameters falling within the instability region, the structure undergoes parametric resonance characterized by an exponential growth in structural amplitude. Hydrostatic loads reduce its overall stiffness, leading to a shift of the instability boundary toward lower frequencies. And, an increase in structural damping results in a smaller instability region. We have conducted an experiment to test a radial gate model and observed its parametric resonance. The measured instability boundary shows good agreement with the numerical prediction, confirming the accuracy and applicability of our method. This study achieves a practical novel method for numerical simulations of radial gates and their dynamic stability assessment.
		2026 Vol. 45 (5): 109-120 [Abstract] ( 57 ) PDF (1448 KB) ( 23 )