Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering

水力发电学报

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2025 Vol. 44, No. 6 Published: 2025-06-25

	1	Study on morphological evolution of large braided river based on multi-source data ^Hot!
		ZHANG Zihao, SUN Jian, HAN Kai, HUANG Zhe, LIN Binliang, LI Zhi
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250601
		The broad valley reach of the Yarlung Zangbo River presents unstable multiple channels and ephemeral bars formed by intense bed-load transport and active morphodynamic processes, exhibiting notable braided river characteristics. This study uses multi-source data comprehensively－including field observations and satellite remote sensing, adopts an artificial neural network model to classify and identify the satellite images－and determines statistically the geometric parameters of the river and its bars. We examine the time evolution of characteristic geomorphic factors as a response to flow conditions in well-braided reaches, and work out a quantitative relationship for the response. The results indicate braided river geomorphological parameters are highly sensitive to flow variations and display pronounced seasonal variations. The number of bars increases with the rising discharge, while their total area decreases; The bar braid index (BIb) is positively correlated with the flow rate, and the reach braid index (BIr) shows a non-monotonic change－decrease in flood peak period, rise in flood retreat period, then decrease again in dry season. The results deepen our understanding of complex river morphological evolution, and help develop and utilize plateau rivers.
		2025 Vol. 44 (6): 1-11 [Abstract] ( 32 ) PDF (2300 KB) ( 110 )

	12	Laboratory study on flocculation and settling behaviours of sediment from Three Gorges Reservoir
		WANG Le, CHEN Qingxia, WANG Dayu, GUAN Jianzhao, ZHANG Lei, HUANG Hai, ZHANG Shanghong
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250602
		Analysis of the prototype sediment collected from the Three Gorges reservoir (TGR) indicates roughly 80% of the accumulated sediment is less than 20 μm in size, but it remains unclear whether such sediment mixture could form flocs while settling. This study has designed a coaxial double-cylinder rotational flocculation device for non-intrusive observation of the flocculation and settling of sediment collected from TGR, and conducted two series of tests, modelling the water-sediment conditions of the reservoir in the laboratory and adopting the image technology to identify settling particles. The results show that the measured settling velocity of particles is significantly different from those of single sediment particles of the same size, and a significant portion of settling particles exceeds the maximum size of the input sediment, indicating the flocs of TGR sediment would form in the prototype reservoir. Then, we develop a relationship between Reynolds number and drag coefficient for the flocculated sediments, and derive the density of the flocs based on the fractal theory, and a relationship between flocs’ effective density and size. Finally, we develop two methods for calculating the settling velocity of sediment-induced flocs, and verify them against measurements, showing a satisfactory agreement.
		2025 Vol. 44 (6): 12-21 [Abstract] ( 21 ) PDF (3459 KB) ( 61 )

	22	Analysis of surges in pump station forebay under the influence of dynamic coupling of high water pool
		LI Yuqing, ZHANG Jian, YU Xiaodong, CHEN Sheng, QIU Weixin
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250603
		During hydraulic transition, the highest water level in a pump station forebay determines its design top elevation, and the lowest determines its design bottom elevation. If the designs are not correct, it will overflow or be empty. Determining its extreme water levels is crucial to ensuring the station’s safe operation for the water supply project. Based on the KBM method, this paper derives explicit formulas for calculating the forebay’s extreme water levels through solving a nonlinear dynamic equation that describes the variations in its water level in a long-distance water supply system. We verify the accuracy of these formulas using numerical calculations, and conduct a sensitivity analysis. The results show that relative to the MOC numerical simulations, the error is less than 1.0% for the highest level formula, and less than 2.5% for the lowest level formula. These formulas have simple forms and are convenient for engineering design.
		2025 Vol. 44 (6): 22-31 [Abstract] ( 24 ) PDF (1736 KB) ( 53 )

	32	Evaluation method for high-dimensional complementarity of hydro-wind-solar energy considering volatility
		SU Huaying, XU Hang, ZHANG Yan, WANG Rongrong, LU Yong, CHENG Chuntian
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250604
		Quantifying hydro-wind-solar energy complementarity is crucial to planning and optimal dispatch of a co-generation system. However, previous evaluation indexes for the complementarity paid less attention to the three-dimensional complementary capacity of hydro-wind-solar energy, and they were often used to either consider only the overall trend or the amount of change in a continuous period of the power output sequence, or they neglected the effect of fluctuating phase differences, lowering the accuracy of quantification in a variety of scenarios. This paper examines the correlation of hydro-wind-solar energy fluctuations in depth, and presents a new multidimensional, multi-timescale complementarity evaluation index by categorizing fluctuation states in consecutive periods. Then, we verify this index for several typical scenarios and show its accuracy in quantifying complementarity of hydro-wind-solar energy sequences, and its superiority by comparing the results with those of the previous complementarity indexes. Finally, application of the new index to regional wind-solar planning is demonstrated in a case study of a comprehensive development base for hydro-wind-solar integrated renewable energy in the Wujiang River basin. For this base, optimal ratios of the wind-solar installed capacities are given in different time scales.
		2025 Vol. 44 (6): 32-41 [Abstract] ( 12 ) PDF (1773 KB) ( 53 )

	42	Potential development of floating photovoltaic in lakes and reservoirs in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and its effectiveness in water and carbon reduction
		YUAN Tian, TIAN Wei, MEN Baohui
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250605
		To alleviate the current land shortage in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and raise its energy development rates for urban agglomerations, this article examines the potential development of floating photovoltaic in its lakes and reservoirs. We take the Miyun reservoir as an example, and extend it to the whole study region. By constructing a floating photovoltaic power generation model and combining it with relevant meteorological data for simulation, we draw conclusions below. First, when this model is implemented in Miyun Reservoir, the simulated photovoltaic power generation varies in a year in the same trend as temperature and radiation, and the model has universality in the study region. Second, when 5% of the lake and reservoir area is used to develop floating photovoltaic in the study region, its simulated annual power generation reaches 5.07×109 kW·h, roughly 20% of its total photovoltaic output at present, showing there exists a great potential for future development. Third, construction of floating photovoltaics in this study region can reduce annual emissions of 2.8857 million tons of carbon dioxide, save 624 thousand tons of standard coal and 3.1939 million cubic meters of water, and reduce water resource waste caused by evaporation on large lakes and reservoirs. For the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, floating photovoltaic power stations can improve the utilization rate of its idle water bodies, alleviate its energy pressure and water resource shortage in highly developed urban agglomerations, promote its development of photovoltaic energy, thus supporting the new idea for developing photovoltaic energy in the region.
		2025 Vol. 44 (6): 42-49 [Abstract] ( 11 ) PDF (2277 KB) ( 28 )

	50	Study on graph neural network-based runoff forecasting model for medium and small-sized watersheds. A case study of Shaxi watershed in Fujian
		WANG Mingyang, WANG Enzhi, LUO Huoqian, GAO Shuai, ZHANG Wenqian, WEI Jiahua
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250606
		The prediction of river runoff in a small or medium-sized catchment is constrained by the spatial distribution and density of its rain gauges and record length historical rainfall data. To enhance the accuracy of flash flood early warning and forecasting for such catchments, this study redefines the data structure of an hourly rainfall-runoff model based on the graph theory and the 2000-2014 data of the Shaxi River basin. We use graph neural networks (GNNs) to construct an end-to-end dynamic mapping model for its rainfall-runoff data, and predict its future hydrographs at different forecast periods, using Graph Convolutional Neural Network (GCN), Graph Attention Network (GAT), and Chebyshev Graph Neural Network (Chebnet) models. Mean Absolute Error (EMAE) is used as an evaluation indicator to compare the predictions for the next two hours with those by the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models, Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). The results indicate that for this basin, the Chebnet and GAT models are superior in nonlinear data fitting capability for rainfall-runoff predictions at the forecast periods of one and two hours, improving prediction accuracy by 37.3% to 64.7% compared to LSTM and GRU. The Chebnet model exhibits stable performance in its runoff prediction of the next 15 hours, significantly reducing the impact of timeliness while improving accuracy and applicability. This study has achieved highly reliable predictions of river runoff, useful for early flood warning in small and medium-sized catchments.
		2025 Vol. 44 (6): 50-61 [Abstract] ( 25 ) PDF (5586 KB) ( 96 )

	62	Study on staged drought-limited water levels for Three Gorges Reservoir
		FAN Jintao, LIU Pan, WU Biqiong, ZHANG Hairong, ZHOU Liting, ZHANG Xingnan
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250607
		With the development of society and economy under global warming, extreme drought events occur frequently in the Yangtze River Basin (YRB), and the Three Gorges reservoir is faced with a severe challenge in guaranteeing water security in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze. Drought-limited water level (DLWL) is a crucial parameter for reservoir drought relief operation to enhance this basin’s drought mitigation capability. This paper defines the reservoir’s staged grading DLWL, and construct a multi-objective optimization DLWL model based on a parameterization-simulation-optimization framework that is solved by an intelligent optimization algorithm. The results show that the reservoir’s DLWL is more significant in flood season than non-flood seasons, and DLWL at the first grade is 154 m, 156.9 m, and 164.8 m in the stages of 6/10-7/31, 8/1-9/9, and 9/10-30 respectively. By implementing DLWL operation, the reservoir can improve all the benefits－in terms of impoundment, power generation, water supply, and navigation－each to a different degree. The increases in power generation will be 1.29% and 6.54% for multi-year average and typical dry year, respectively. This study would be useful for reservoir DLWL operation and drought-relief operation.
		2025 Vol. 44 (6): 62-71 [Abstract] ( 19 ) PDF (2970 KB) ( 66 )

	72	Nonstationary extreme rainfall spatial clustering and frequency responses to climate drivers
		ZENG Hang, ZHOU Yang, LI Jianzhu, YANG Qi, HUANG Jiaqi
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250608
		Under global climate change, spatial clustering variations in extreme rainfall time series and their responses to climate drivers are critical to storm risk assessment for a river basin. In this study, we first take the Xiang River basin as the study area, and divide its extreme rainfall series into three clustering regions by applying the partitioning around medoids (PAM) algorithm that is based on the special variogram F-madogram. Then, for each clustering region, the climate drivers are identified by testing their significant correlation with extreme rainfall series from most rainfall stations. Finally, we take the extreme rainfall events of clustering center stations as a representative of the clustering region, and construct a non-stationary extreme rainfall frequency model based on the Bayesian inference. The modeling results reveal the extreme clustering algorithm gives better predictions of the extreme value series than the K-means clustering algorithm. The time-varying models using climate drivers as covariates have the best modeling performance and lowest uncertainties. We demonstrate that the probability of extreme rainfall events in this basin will be increased effectively, especially its rainfall intensity, if three conditions occurred in previous year－the values of North Atlantic Oscillation Index were negative, the sea level pressure in western Pacific Ocean rose, and the sea surface temperature in eastern Pacific Ocean rose. The results help evaluate and forecast the risks of extreme rainfall events in the Xiang River basin.
		2025 Vol. 44 (6): 72-88 [Abstract] ( 15 ) PDF (8688 KB) ( 16 )

	89	Study on influence of horizontal jet sediment erosion on energy extraction performance of flapping hydrofoil
		BAO Yandong, ZENG Yun, LI Weizhong, ZHANG Guanxi, ZHAO Yi
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250609
		A two-dimensional horizontal jet sediment erosion model is developed using a discrete phase model, to study the influence of sediment erosion on the energy extraction characteristics of a flapping hydrofoil. The results show that for the sediment diameter of 1mm, at a mass flow rate of 0.50kg/s and a flow velocity of 1m/s, the hydrofoil’s energy extracting efficiency reaches its peak of 44.9%, or an increase of 6.1% compared to the Kinsey’s peak of 38.8%. In sediment-laden flow, interaction is enhanced between the flapping hydrofoil and muddy water, leading to an increase in pressure difference, which is conducive to the hydrofoil’s fluctuating movement. Sediment-laden flow also accelerates vortex shedding in the wake of the hydrofoil with fierce disturbance on the trailing edge, so that the capability of capturing flow energy is enhanced. Therefore, the energy extraction characteristics of a flapping hydrofoil is improved by sediment-laden flow.
		2025 Vol. 44 (6): 89-97 [Abstract] ( 16 ) PDF (1631 KB) ( 23 )

	98	Information mining and utilization based on grouting data of anti-seepage curtain
		LIU Qian, ZHU Jiebing, ZHANG Fan, ZHANG Hongwei, ZHANG Yihu, DING Changdong
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250610
		As increasingly pumped-storage power stations are built, designing the upper reservoir will encounter more complicated geological issues, and better evaluation on cement grouting projects is demanded. However, the invisibility and complexity of the underground project make the current grouting theory difficult to guide the grouting practice effectively. Artificial intelligence technology has significant advantages in addressing problems characterized by fuzzy constitutive relationships, bringing a new trend in geotechnical engineering field in big data era. But its main inputs are from geological datasets that are usually too small because of difficulties in practical collection limited severely by technical means, time constrains, and costs. Instead, the grouting data, which can be easily acquired in large amounts, is not being fully utilized. This paper presents a new grouting quality evaluation method based on descriptive statistical analysis and spatial statistical analysis on grouting data. It is based on the deep mining of information contained in the 4350 groups of grouting datasets collected from 1104 grout holes and a small amount of geological data from the Wuyue Pumped-Storage Power Station project. The results show that the descriptive statistical characteristics of grout consumption can be used to identify fresh bedrock, general fractured rock mass, densely fractured rock mass, and rock masses that features a higher risk of substandard grouting quality. The grout consumption is correlated with geological conditions to a certain extent, but their impact varies in different grouting sequences due to spatial variations in geological features and different fracture fillings. Neither grouting quality nor grouting efficiency can be evaluated only based on the consumption in the first order grouting. Compared to the limited data from inspection holes, massive grouting data in high density help evaluate grouting quality more comprehensively. Full mining of the information hidden in grouting data is a new approach to full utilization of massive grouting data, which would greatly promote the intelligent development of grouting engineering.
		2025 Vol. 44 (6): 98-108 [Abstract] ( 20 ) PDF (4063 KB) ( 27 )

	109	Optimization of multiple heating measures for winter construction temperature control of gravel-clay core wall with phase change material
		LIANG Jianyu, LIU Donghai, YUE Xueqin
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250611
		Gravel-clay mixed with phase change material (GC-PCM) can prevent a core wall from freeze-thaw damage during winter construction. Consequently, it’s necessary to investigate how to efficiently improve the anti-freezing performance of this novel damming material at a low cost. This study develops an optimization method of multiple heating measures for temperature control of the core wall made of GC-PCM during winter construction. First, we formulate respectively two procedures for heating GC-PCM: air circulation for large-scale construction stage, and infrared irradiation for the stage after completion of GC-PCM filled into the core wall; then we establish a multi-objective optimization model for GC-PCM temperature control using these two procedures to minimize the total time and energy consumption. Moreover, detailed steps are given to solve the model using the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-Ⅱ (NSGA-Ⅱ), based on the improved Best/Middle/Worst Ideal Solution-Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (BMW-TOPSIS). Case study shows that for GC-PCM at an initial temperature of 4 ℃ under a multi-year average wind speed of 1.8 m/s, the optimal procedures can be adopted: Heating GC-PCM with a hot air blower temperature of 16.5 ℃ and a bottom heat source temperature of 15.6 ℃, and then implementing infrared heating at a moving speed of 0.70 m/s for 2 passes. The optimization method developed in this study lays a theoretical basis for fast selection of GC-PCM heating procedures under multiple condition combinations in practical dam construction.
		2025 Vol. 44 (6): 109-120 [Abstract] ( 12 ) PDF (1627 KB) ( 25 )

	121	Primary-auxiliary model collaborative prediction method for rockburst intensity and its applications
		LUO Danni, HUANG Jinyi, WU Xiangping, GENG Wenqian, TAO Honghui, SU Guoshao
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250612
		Rockburst prediction has become one of the critical issues that urgently need to be addressed in the fields of underground construction safety and geological disaster prevention. To fully consider the influence of various key factors on rockburst and improve the prediction accuracy of rockburst intensity, this paper describes a new collaborative prediction method based on primary and auxiliary models, grounded in the concept of multi-model stepwise predictions. Using this method, we have developed an intelligent software for rockburst intensity prediction and applied to the Nanning Pumped Storage Power Station to assess the rockburst tendency in its powerhouse and tunnel bifurcation sections. The results show our method achieves high prediction accuracy and agrees well with the actual conditions. The software is simple, practical, and easy for engineering technicians to use.
		2025 Vol. 44 (6): 121-133 [Abstract] ( 13 ) PDF (2844 KB) ( 48 )

	134	Influence of earthquake input models on seismic response analysis for gravity dams
		HE Weiping, SONG Junjie, XU Yiming, DU Xiuli, WU Hailin
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250613
		The earthquake input model is fundamental in seismic responses analysis of a gravity dam. This paper first presents a theoretical analysis on the characteristics of motion fields that are expressed by four earthquake input models, then uses a random wavefield method to quantify incident waves and the corresponding ground motions, which ensures the unified input criterion shared by different earthquake input models. Finally, we simulate the seismic responses of a gravity dam using different earthquake input models, and offer a quantitative demonstration of the radiation-damping effect and complicated wavefield effect. The dam responses calculated using different earthquake input models are similar in trends, but their magnitudes are considerably different. For peak σ1 at the dam heel, the responses vary in the range of -68.2% to -14.8% caused by the radiation-damping effect, and -8.7% to 53.0% by the complex wavefield effect. This study reveals the influence of the complex wavefield effect, promoting the development of seismic response analysis of gravity dams.
		2025 Vol. 44 (6): 134-142 [Abstract] ( 21 ) PDF (1665 KB) ( 38 )

	143	Parameter inversion for surrounding rock of surge chamber tunnel based on PSO-XGB
		CHANG Guichun, YANG Hongkun, LIANG Yong, LONG Qian, LUO Bulei, HU Yu
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250614
		In rock engineering, the inversion of mechanical parameters has always been a key issue, and its accuracy is an essential factor in the design reliability and construction safety of a project. Traditional geomechanics physico-mechanical measurements are often biased by geomechanics interference, equipment and staff operation, so the results obtained are usually discontinuous. Aimed at such issues, this paper adopts a new method or PSO-XGB to invert and examine rock parameters－elastic modulus, internal friction angle, and cohesion of the surrounding rock of the regulating chamber tunnel. We tune the Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model with the help of a bio-heuristic algorithm or Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and make a multi-model comparison. The findings indicate the PSO-XGB method is superior in efficiency and accuracy. The difference between the calculated and in-situ observed rock displacements is less than 5%, indicating a good agreement. This parameter inversion method is verified to be practically applicable and accurate, thus it is a new useful tool to determine and calibrate the rock mechanical parameters required for future design and construction.
		2025 Vol. 44 (6): 143-154 [Abstract] ( 15 ) PDF (4086 KB) ( 52 )