Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering

水力发电学报

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2025 Vol. 44, No. 3 Published: 2025-03-25

	1	Research on hydraulic optimization of Francis turbine with specific energy and gradient function as objectives ^Hot!
		CHENG Huan, ZHOU Lingjiu, WANG Zhengwei, LUO Hong, TANG Junhuai, WANG Zhaoning, ZHAO Yongzhi, LENG Zaijun, ZHANG Xiao
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250301
		The capability of Francis turbine units with wide-load stable operation is crucial for constructing a new electric power system. Currently, a great number of hydropower units suffer from poor stability under off-design conditions, which cannot meet the demand for flexible operation over a wide-load range. This paper presents a Francis turbine hydraulic optimization method for wide-load operation and its application to Unit No. 5 at the Dachaoshan hydropower station in Yunnan, using specific energy and gradient function as a quantified target. And developed a new type of runner, namely "Negative Inclination and Reverse C-Type" that can effectively improve the hydraulic stability of the unit and achieve a stable wide-load range. Numerical calculations and model tests show new design reduces significantly the draft vortex and the characteristic channel vortex in comparison to the original runner at Dachaoshan, eliminating high partial load pressure pulsations. It brings about a reduction of more than 50% in the maximum pressure fluctuation amplitude in the vaneless region and draft tube, meeting the requirements for long-term continuous safe and stable operation over a wide-load range.
		2025 Vol. 44 (3): 1-12 [Abstract] ( 42 ) PDF (5515 KB) ( 138 )

	13	Status of clean energy project innovation
		ZHANG Yakun, YANG Zuobin, LU Junjun, WU Zekun, TANG Wenzhe
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250302
		The achievement of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals mainly relies on innovation in clean energy projects such as hydropower, wind power, photovoltaic and pumped storage projects. Most of the previous studies focus on general scientific and technological management issues such as innovation strategies, management systems, and resource allocation, but lack a holistic understanding of the innovative characteristics of clean energy projects and an analysis of the existing empirical research on different kinds of clean energy project innovation. This paper presents a new system of innovation indexes for these clean energy projects, and reveals the status of innovation in their development through an industry survey. We also identify the main problems in the innovation and their causes, and suggest its future direction and scope. The results have both theoretical and practical implications for clean energy project innovation.
		2025 Vol. 44 (3): 13-23 [Abstract] ( 54 ) PDF (448 KB) ( 107 )

	24	Multi-physical field coupling analysis and structural optimization of airflow path in bulb tubular turbine generator
		SONG Houbin, WANG Shuai, HAN Wei, GUAN Zhijun, QIU Hongbo, ZHANG Yukun, HUANG Xiaolong, XIE Wenqi
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250303
		A bulb tubular turbine generator, due to its compact internal structure and the significant heat generated by its electromagnetic losses, urgently needs improvement in its ventilation and heat dissipation capability. Aimed at this goal, this paper optimizes its internal airflow path structure based on multi-physical field coupling. First, for a 24 MW bulb tubular turbine generator, we construct a numerical model of its 2D electromagnetic fields based on the finite element method, and develop a 3D fluid-thermal model using the finite volume method. Both are validated against experimental data of electromagnetic and temperature measurements. Then, for its original design, we make a qualitative analysis of the flow field and temperature field characteristics of its airflow path structure, and a quantitative analysis of its ventilation duct's flow distribution and the variation trends of temperature inside it. And, the impact of rear cover plate length on the airflow and heat exchange is examined. Finally, we discuss the mechanism of how the blade installation angle of the rotor ribs affects airflow based on the velocity triangle theory, and evaluate the effects of different blade installation angles on rotor ribs through coupled numerical analysis. The results show that a short rear cover plate can prevent air from spilling over its sides while ensuring air re-enters the cooling cycle; rotor rib blades installed at an angle of 66° significantly improve the flow and thermal fields and lower the temperature at all monitoring points; under two different ventilation conditions, the stator winding temperatures are lowered by 9% and 20.4% respectively.
		2025 Vol. 44 (3): 24-37 [Abstract] ( 30 ) PDF (7287 KB) ( 32 )

	38	Water ring characteristics of pump-turbine in drain valve failure mode under phasing operation conditions
		GE Xinfeng, CHENG Zhilong, CHEN Yuwen, MA Zhaohang, DING Ke, ZHAO Wenrui
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250304
		The characteristics of the water ring in a pump turbine are closely related to its stable operation under phase control conditions and the cooling of its clearance flow channel. Based on the discharge path of cooling water through the water ring drain pipe, this paper develops a full-passage 3-D model of the flow in a pump turbine including the local gaps, and examines the unsteady 3-D flows through VOF gas-liquid two-phase flow modeling. We focus on the drain valve’s two conditions of normal operation and failure, and have achieved the numerical simulations of pressure variations that agree well with the field measurements at a hydropower station. The results reveal the internal flow characteristics of the pump turbine during its phasing operation. The main runner channels are occupied fully by air, and its flow tracing shows formation of significant vortices; in the passage of bladeless areas, gas-liquid mixture flows are observed, and the liquid near the inner wall of the fixed guide vanes rotates at a higspeed leaving circular traces; the lower ring cavity features an upward helical flow of gas-liquid mixture. In the mode of the drain valve open, the thicker water ring in the bladeless area can be discharged into the tail pipe under its control to ensure a dynamic balance between water ring drainage and cooling water supply. If the drain valve fails, cooling water in the lower labyrinth will flow into the bladeless area, unable to enter the tail pipe, so that the water ring in this area grows in thickness and rubs the rotor due to its over-thickness and the water-filled clearance between the lower ring and the bottom ring of the rotor.
		2025 Vol. 44 (3): 38-49 [Abstract] ( 30 ) PDF (5123 KB) ( 52 )

	50	Exploring explainable operating rules of water-wind-photovoltaic multi-energy complementary system
		REN Kang, CHEN Qiong, CHEN Shu, ZHANG Xinkai, LI Zhi
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250305
		The multi-energy complementary system of wind, solar and hydropower has altered the operating conditions of hydropower stations, making the traditional hydropower dispatch rules no longer applicable. We develop a decision tree scheduling rule extraction method based on automatic hyperparameter optimization to examine such a system in the upper reaches of the Yellow River. It extracts a set of scheduling rules for multi-energy complementary systems, while considering new energy consumption and river ecological protection. The results show a competitive relationship exists between the power generation of this system and its river ecological protection goal. And the reservoir inflow is the most important predictor in consideration of its comprehensive power generation benefits. In all three accuracy evaluations, the best is the decision tree scheduling rule extraction model based on automatic hyperparameter optimization, indicating it achieves a significant improvement in accuracy. The research findings help the operation and scheduling of multi-energy complementary systems aimed at river ecological protection and power generation.
		2025 Vol. 44 (3): 50-61 [Abstract] ( 25 ) PDF (3272 KB) ( 68 )

	62	Exploring water-energy-food-carbon nexus and security in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region
		LIU Nan, MEN Baohui, Lina Tuoku, WEN Ying, WANG Hongrui
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250306
		To achieve the coordinated development of a water-energy-food system covering the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region under carbon neutrality, this paper constructs a three-dimensional water-energy-food-carbon security assessing model that considers reliability within individual systems, coordination between dual systems, and sustainability among multiple systems. We adopt an improved criteria importance through intercriteria correlation (CRITIC) method to assess the security level of this system in the 2000-2022 period, and examine the changes in system security caused by implementing certain carbon emission indicators. Its primary obstacle factors are identified for this region. The results indicate a rising trend in the coupling system’s security level in this period, with its average value rising from 0.354 to 0.535, while it decreased to 0.508 in 2022 thanks to the carbon neutrality policy. Since carbon neutrality implementation started in 2020, system security has been improved to a certain degree. Primary obstacle factors that affect the system’s security in this region are energy production elasticity coefficient, SO2 emission in exhaust gases, food yield fluctuation index, difference between food exports and imports, number of civilian vehicles, and proportion of hydroelectricity generation.
		2025 Vol. 44 (3): 62-75 [Abstract] ( 27 ) PDF (7822 KB) ( 29 )

	76	Backward stochastic differential equations for deformation of attached droplets on jet nappe surface
		ZHAO Tengfei, ZHANG Hua
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250307
		Aimed at a scientific consideration of the dynamic mechanism of droplet deformation on the surface of a jet nappe, this paper presents new backward stochastic differential equations describing the movement and deformation of droplets on the nappe surface with the final droplet state specified, and examines what initial conditions can develop into this final state. The results show that during the deformation of a single adhesive droplet on the nappe surface, its stretching probability is about 50%. Droplet forming has four deforming modes: long-axis stretching, short-axis stretching; long-axis stretching, short-axis shrinking; long-axis shrinking, short-axis stretching; long-axis shrinking, short-axis shrinking. Their probabilities are 18.9%, 31.2%, 18.7% and 30.5%, respectively. In the process of droplet group stretching, the droplets will undergo short-axis shrinking, which means a tendency for them to fragment. A variation in the evolving time into the final state, or the final state’s droplet morphology or long-axis growth rate, would not change this droplet group trend. The results of this study are of great significance for exploring droplet deformation process, and provide a new method for mathematical description of the deformation.
		2025 Vol. 44 (3): 76-86 [Abstract] ( 19 ) PDF (1864 KB) ( 51 )

	87	Research on foreign object detection and localization in UAV river patrol driven by deep learning
		ZHENG Rongtian, CHEN Zetong, GUAN Xiaohan, WANG Hao, LIU Ronglin, JIA Dongdong
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250308
		As the city expands, the river shoreline is constantly being encroached upon, and the river's flow capacity and water environment are damaged severely. Therefore, efficient methods for monitoring complicated river courses are urgently needed. This paper precents a new method for collecting images and data of a river and its banks using drones and enhancing data with the Generative Adversarial Network. We identify and locate five kinds of typical foreign bodies on the river, based on the YOLOv5 algorithm and the coordinate transformation localization algorithm. The target recognition algorithm of this model introduces the attention mechanism into the backbone network and uses EIOU-Focal Loss as its loss function to improve YOLOv5 in detection accuracy and convergence speed. The results show that data enhancement improves the model’s target recognition and raises the mean Average Precision (mAP) by 9.9%. The ablation experiment results verify that this model has the highest detection accuracy, with its maximum mAP of 0.96 or an increase of 11.6% relative to the one before improvement. Its positioning results show the real average error of the algorithm target object is not greater than 3m, which means a high accuracy. Application of the improved model to the Minjiang River section in Fujian has verified its higher accuracy in detecting target objects and its significance for related research.
		2025 Vol. 44 (3): 87-98 [Abstract] ( 49 ) PDF (4023 KB) ( 121 )

	99	Prediction of high-tide induced coastal flooding probability. A case study of Jiangsu coast with long-term observations
		LIU Suning, FENG Xi, GUO Dongsheng
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250309
		Rapid sea level rise caused by global warming presents a significant contemporary challenge for humanity. Anticipated mild coastal inundation events triggered by previous storm surges are projected to reoccur in forthcoming astronomical spring periods. Through a systematical analysis of the historical tidal data from long-term monitoring stations along the Jiangsu's coastline (Lianyungang and Lusi), this paper first establishes a correlation between the occurrence of high-tide-flooding (HTF) along the coastal zone and the water levels above the thresholds that can trigger coastal flooding. Then, we examine how these statistical methodologies affect the results of threshold exceedance categories for HTFs, total sample sizes, temporal continuity within sample time series, and their sensitivity to relative sea-level-rise rates. The results demonstrate that the established model in order to predict the number of HTF days with high water levels exhibits good stability, and the HTF occurrence frequencies are insensitive to different threshold categories at the determined water levels exceeding the industry-standard thresholds. An increase in the sample data size spanning at least 14 years' hourly tidal measurements leads to more stabilized predictions of the future HTFs—rendering them less reliant on temporal consistency or duration within the years sampled. A comparative analysis reveals heightened responsiveness to the sea level rise rate at the Lianyungang station compared with Lusi Port. This study offers methodologies and conclusions useful for the Jiangsu coast and other coasts of China to prepare for coastal inundation stemming from sea level rise.
		2025 Vol. 44 (3): 99-108 [Abstract] ( 32 ) PDF (1729 KB) ( 52 )

	109	Optimization method for sampling schemes of compaction quality assurance considering false-negative and false-positive problems
		WANG Youle, MIAO Zhengjian, WANG Feng, YANG Meng, ZHONG Xiangxi
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250310
		Under the current regulation system, the statistical model based on attribute sampling is a common method for the quality assurance of earth-rockfill dam compaction; its key indicator is the specific threshold of density defect as is usually recommended. However, a statistical model is inevitably faced with two statistical errors－a false-negative problem and a false-positive problem. A careful examination of the optimization method of sampling schemes is necessary for strict quality assurance. This paper develops two improved models based on different risk criteria－featuring in consumers first, and risk balancing of both parties for the risk appetite of contractor and consumer respectively. And a Monte Carlo based simulator is provided, which can achieve significant improvement on attribute sampling by combining with a space optimization algorithm. Application to an engineering case verifies the practical effect of our optimization method. This is a promising method for ensuring the rights and interests of both parties, through reducing the two statistical errors and limiting the impact from the spatial correlation of samples.
		2025 Vol. 44 (3): 109-118 [Abstract] ( 32 ) PDF (625 KB) ( 39 )

	119	Triaxial test study on influence of temperature on mechanical properties of asphalt concrete
		GAO Lei, ZHANG Yanyi, LI Zefa, DENG Gang, LI Yuanlin, ZHANG Yinqi
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250311
		In this study, the influence of temperature variations on mechanical properties of asphalt concrete is explored through triaxial tests on the asphalt concrete under four conditions of test temperatures. The results show a significant influence of temperature on the mechanical properties. Under the same confining pressure and the same loading rate, deviator stress decreases with the rising temperature; Under the condition of low confining pressure and low temperature, or high confining pressure and medium temperature, variations in test temperature produce a significant effect on the maximum deviator stress. Under the same loading rate and same temperature, deviator stress increases with confining pressure, and its maximum value increases linearly with the increase in confining pressure. Duncan-Chang model gives effective simulations of the stress-strain variation until deviator stress reaches its peak, but is no longer valid after the peak. And the model’s parameters k, n, c and φ are very sensitive to test temperature.
		2025 Vol. 44 (3): 119-127 [Abstract] ( 30 ) PDF (740 KB) ( 39 )

	128	Simulation and optimization of construction machinery scheduling in confined space of underground caverns
		CHEN Yun, LI Junxi, JIN Lianghai, HU Qilin, NIE Benwu, ZHENG Xiazhong
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250312
		Underground caverns in water conservancy and hydropower projects are often faced with significant constraints due to a limited construction space, which severely affects the scheduling and coordination of construction machinery. This paper develops a dual-objective optimization function for minimizing both construction duration and cost, and examines various constraints on the construction, such as the number of machines, process time, and process logic. We construct a multi-agent-based simulation model for construction in confined space. It simulates complex construction processes and the queuing service process of construction machinery, and makes analysis of the parallel operations and potential conflicts of construction machinery during operation. Then we give a suggestion on how to adjust the number of construction machines based on the variables. Comparison of the simulations against the field observations of construction and its cost under different machinery configurations is conducted to validate the optimized schemes for construction machinery scheduling. A case study of the Yangtze-to-Hanjiang Water Diversion Tunnel shows a capacity of 25 t is optimal for dump truck loading. As the tunnel excavation progresses, the optimal number of mucking dump trucks in a confined space takes a dynamic hierarchical decreasing trend, while the trend is increasing for the trucks in a non-confined space. Compared with the original plan, our optimized schemes save 149.3 days in construction duration and 35.02 million yuan in cost, thus providing a better decision for construction design and scheduling and on-site management.
		2025 Vol. 44 (3): 128-138 [Abstract] ( 27 ) PDF (2830 KB) ( 53 )