Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering

水力发电学报

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2023 Vol. 42, No. 12 Published: 2023-12-25

	1	Temperature response structure of precipitation extremes in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area ^Hot!
		CHEN Xiaohong, LUO Jiaying, LUO Dan
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20231201
		The analysis of the response structure of extreme precipitation to temperature (P-T relationship) under urbanization is helpful to develop measures to reduce the risk associated with extreme weather in urban areas. Based on the site observation data of temperature and precipitation in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) from 1970 to 2019, the long-term evolution structure of extreme temperature and precipitation in GBA was analyzed, and the response structure of extreme precipitation with different thresholds to the temperature of the previous 1-day (T1) and the temperature of the previous 9-day (T1-9) was constructed by using the binning scaling function. The influence of urbanization on the P-T relationship was also explored. The results show that the P-T relationship of GBA generally shows a peak-like structure with the increase of temperature, and the extreme precipitation intensity increases first and then decreases. The breaking temperature is about 25 ℃. This structure is formed by the limited influence of water vapor at high temperature. The P-T1 relationship in urban areas is affected by typhoons, which the extreme precipitation intensity increases again when T1 is higher than 30 ℃. Urban areas of extreme precipitation intensity average scaling rate (8.0%/℃ ~ 12.5%/℃) not only higher than the suburbs (6.3%/℃ ~ 8.7%/℃), and also more than the theory scaling rate (7%/℃).
		2023 Vol. 42 (12): 1-13 [Abstract] ( 47 ) PDF (4561 KB) ( 87 )

	14	Bidding strategy for hybrid pumped storage power stations in integration of new energy sources into grid ^Hot!
		XIE Zhengyi, WANG Yimin, CHANG Jianxia, SUN Xiaoqiang, GUO Aijun, YE Xiangmin
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20231202
		With the scale of new energy growing continuously in Northwest China, the issue of wind and solar energy curtailment has become increasingly prominent. The most practical solution at present is to construct hybrid pumped storage power stations with greater energy storage capacity. Studying its bidding strategy in the spot market is of great significance. This paper constructs a Stackelberg game model and applies it in a case study of the cascade hybrid pumped storage power station under construction in the upper reaches of the Yellow River. For the power station, this model aims to maximize its profit in the day-ahead market by solving a bi-level optimization problem: the upper level for maximizing its revenue and the lower for solving the clearance problem faced by independent system operators. The results show that in the day-ahead market, this hybrid station will generate electricity by releasing water during high electricity prices, and pump water for energy storage during low prices. The revenue of the power station and new energy participating in the market through bundled bidding is higher than that of the joint participation without bundling, and both are higher than that of the hybrid station participating in the market alone.
		2023 Vol. 42 (12): 14-26 [Abstract] ( 54 ) PDF (3476 KB) ( 108 )

	27	Economic assessment of new type foundation for offshore wind turbines
		WU Jingkai, ZHANG Anyifang, SHAN Kaiyue, YU Xiping
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20231203
		With the goal of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, the development and utilization of clean and renewable offshore wind energy have received great attention. Currently, the offshore wind industry is facing a development trend of cost reduction and efficiency improvement driven by technological innovation; The innovation of foundation type of offshore wind turbines is an important approach. To assess the economic feasibility of applying new types of foundations to offshore wind power projects, this study constructs a whole life cycle economic assessment model for these projects. A new pile-friction ring composite foundation is used as an example to evaluate the life-cycle economic benefits of applying it to an offshore wind farm with a total installed capacity of 300 MW, through calculating the construction cost of the farm and its main economic indicators during operation. This new foundation is compared with traditional pile foundations, conduit frame foundations, and high pile-bearing foundations. Sensitivity analysis is made on the main factors affecting the economic efficiency of offshore wind projects, such as construction investment, feed-in production, and parity policies. The results show the new foundation has significant economic advantages and better risk resistance.
		2023 Vol. 42 (12): 27-34 [Abstract] ( 63 ) PDF (1648 KB) ( 135 )

	35	Identification of primary causes of inconsistent evolution of rainfall-runoff relationship. Case study of Wei River basin
		LI Tongfang, ZHANG Hongbo, ZHAO Xiaowei, YANG Zhifang, ZHANG Yurou, YE Zhaoxia, XUE Chaowei
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20231204
		Rainfall-runoff relationship is crucial in characterizing a watershed's capability to generate runoff. Links between rainfall and runoff have changed inconsistently as a result of the coupling effects of climate change, underlying surface change, and human activities; and the effects of these elements need to be assessed. This paper presents a method for identifying and estimating the driving factors of the rainfall-runoff inconsistency relationship, and quantifies the contribution of meteorological factors, underlying surface conditions, and human activities. This method integrates detrended cross-correlation analysis and detrended partial cross-correlation analysis. The findings demonstrate it has strong application to inconsistent series. In the Wei River basin, human activities, with an average contribution rate of 58.86%, have the greatest influence on the rainfall-runoff relationship, followed by the meteorological factors, while the underlying surface conditions have the least impact. The impact of human activities on the rainfall-runoff relationship in this basin generally takes a continuous growing trend in the time domain, while spatially its degree can be listed in a decreasing order: the upper and middle reaches of the mainstream of the Wei River basin > the Jing River basin > the Beiluo River basin.
		2023 Vol. 42 (12): 35-47 [Abstract] ( 45 ) PDF (2316 KB) ( 76 )

	48	Study on coincidence risks for annual maximum rainfall in Three Gorges region and flood events in upper Yangtze River
		YAO Lishuang, PENG Yang, LIAN Boxun, LUO Shiqi, ZHANG Zhihong
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20231205
		Rainfall events in the Three Gorges Region (TGR) of the Yangtze River tend to be concentrated on flood season. The coincidence of such rainfalls with flood events occurring in the upper reaches of the river may result in adverse impacts on the flood control of the Three Gorges reservoir. To investigate the characteristics of this coincidence, this paper calculates the joint distribution of the annual maximum rainfall in TGR and the annual maximum flood in the upper Yangtze River based on the Archimedean Copula function, and examines the risk of their coincidence from aspects of both time and magnitude (including peak value and hydrograph). The results indicate that temporal coincidence manifests a bimodal distribution with two peaks, and the annual maximum daily areal rainfall and 7-day areal rainfall in TGR generally occur earlier than the annual maximum flow and 7-day flood volume in the upper Yangtze River. The probabilities of both the flood peak coincidence and hydrograph coincidence increase with the increasing design frequency, and the coincidence that the TGR rainfall occurs earlier than the upper Yangtze River flood has a higher probability in both cases. For a given design frequency, the probability of hydrograph coincidence is greater than that of flood peak coincidence. This study would help the flood control scheduling of the Three Gorges reservoir.
		2023 Vol. 42 (12): 48-60 [Abstract] ( 48 ) PDF (2664 KB) ( 98 )

	61	Method and effect analysis of runner adaptive renovation for Francis turbines
		FANG Chuangxin, GAO Jianguo, HU Pingliang, CHEN Ming, HU Kaifeng, MENG Long
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20231206
		Adaptive renovation have been done to a Francis turbine to enhance the matching of the unit to the hydrological conditions of the power station, improve the hydraulic efficiency, increase the unit power output, and promote the stability and safety of the unit. Taking No.3 unit of Bailianhe Hydropower Plant as the research object, a new optimization design method aiming at improving the efficiency and operating stability for Francis turbine runners is applied in this paper. For this unit, 3D CFD simulations of its whole flow passage are conducted to predict its hydraulic performance and internal flow characteristics. The hydraulic characteristics and the operation stability of the runner after adaptive renovation has been analyzed by field test. As for hydraulic characteristics, experimental results showed a efficiency rise of 5.0% to 8.8% for the optimized runner which operated in the power outputting range of 7.0 to 14.5 MW. As for the operation stability, at the partial load condition, pressure pulsations at the spiral case inlet and the draft tube inlet are reduced significantly after the optimization of the runner. Results from both the numerical simulation and the experimental study proved the effectiveness of our new optimization design method of the Francis turbine runner.
		2023 Vol. 42 (12): 61-69 [Abstract] ( 41 ) PDF (1635 KB) ( 70 )

	70	Feature extraction and intelligent recognition of complicated vibration signals of pump turbine
		ZHANG Suqi, LI Hao, ZHANG Yuning, ZHENG Xianghao, DING Haimin, LI Jinwei
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20231207
		Feature extraction and intelligent recognition of the vibration signals of pump turbines are significant to reliable and safe operation of a pumped storage power station. Due to its complicated operational conditions, a pump turbine in operation can create a large number of physical sources that excite its vibrations, and the frequency components of the vibration signals are quite complicated. The traditional methods suffer a poor accuracy of feature extraction from a complicated vibration signal. To improve the accuracy, this paper describes a new model of feature extraction and intelligent recognition of the vibration signals, based on the variational mode decomposition (VMD), bubble entropy (BE), and long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network. First, this method analyzes the vibration signal using VMD and obtains several modes. Then for each mode, its BE value is calculated and a BE eigenvector is constructed. Finally, the eigenvectors of the vibration signal are trained and recognized using a LSTM neural network. We have verified the method against the complicated vibration signals measured at the top cover of a pump turbine at the Pushihe pumped storage station, and achieved a signal recognition accuracy of 97.87%, indicating its important engineering application value.
		2023 Vol. 42 (12): 70-78 [Abstract] ( 50 ) PDF (3353 KB) ( 154 )

	79	Effects of motion parameters on energy harvesting performance of flapping foils
		LI Weizhong, BAO Yandong
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20231208
		Based on the immersed boundary method, this study examines the energy harvesting performance of a flapping foil under the effects of the phase difference φp between its pitching motion and heaving motion as well as the parameter β of its nonharmonic pitching motion. Firstly, the effects of phase difference under different pitching amplitudes θ0 on energy harvesting performance are studied. We find that at θ0 = 30°, the foil cannot collect flow energy because its effective attack angle and heaving induced angle have the same trend of variations. As θ0 increases, the foil’s energy collection performance is gradually improved. At θ0 = 76.3°, the optimal phase difference of 247.5° is obtained, and the foil achieves a pure power output of 0.895 W/kW and an energy collection efficiency of 40.2%, which is 5.2% higher than the highest efficiency (35.0%) in previous studies. Then, we examine the effect of non-harmonic pitching motion on the energy harvesting performance at θ0 = 76.3° and φp = 247.5°. The results show that this motion can further improve energy collection efficiency; at β = 1.85, the maximum pure power output coefficient reaches 1.09. And at β = 1.15, the maximum energy harvesting efficiency reaches 45.6%, or an increase of 5.4% compared with the harmonic pitching motion; the pure power output coefficient is 1.05.
		2023 Vol. 42 (12): 79-86 [Abstract] ( 38 ) PDF (717 KB) ( 55 )

	87	Numerical study on evolution of vortex ropes in draft tube of large Francis turbines
		ZHOU Yuguo, WANG Haobo, DONG Zhongming, LI Mi, WANG Yanlong, ZOU Shuangxi, ZOU Shun, ZHOU Daqing, YU An, GUO Junxun
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20231209
		This paper develops a three-dimensional numerical simulation method for the entire flow passage of a huge Francis turbine using the SST k-ω turbulence model. The formation mechanism of vortex ropes and the variations in pressure fluctuations in the draft tube of the Francis turbine have been explored under different load conditions at the low water head. The results showed that under low-load conditions, the mainstream at the draft tube inlet tended to form an eccentric spiral vortex rope with the action of a positive velocity circulation at the runner outlet, which would rotate in the same direction of the runner, with the detection of low-frequency pressure pulsation of dominant frequency 0.17 times the runner rotation frequency (1.85 Hz) inside the draft tube. However, as the flow rate of the unit increased, a vortex zone rotating opposite to the runner emerged in the straight cone section of the draft tube, accompanied by high-frequency pressure pulsation dominated by the frequency of 2.16 times the runner rotational frequency. By comparison of predicted results among various discharge cones, we found out that the extension of discharge cone structure could suppress the generation of spiral vortices under certain working conditions, so as to cut down the amplitude of the dominant frequency of pressure pulsation in the draft tube by nearly 45.9%.
		2023 Vol. 42 (12): 87-95 [Abstract] ( 43 ) PDF (4202 KB) ( 117 )

	96	Study on engineering progress risk analysis methods under perspective of risk chain
		ZHOU Jun, TANG Yanjuan, ZHANG Wenjia, WANG Haijuan
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20231210
		To reveal the law of risk propagation and to identify the root cause of schedule uncertainty, a method of engineering schedule risk analysis is developed with the risk-driven principle as the basic idea, based on the risk chain theory and combined with the Bayesian Belief Networks and the Monte Carlo technology to qualitatively-quantitatively describe the risk evolution process. In this method, the correlation of risk factors, the multiple uncertainty states of risks, and the rationality setting of the simulation environment are considered. Engineering application shows that its maximum error of the simulated average total construction period is only 1.5%, compared with the Monte Carlo simulation method and the standard correlated schedule risk analysis model (CSRAM). Its sensitivity analysis function can be used to mine the key risk triggers at the project level and each activity level, a useful device for managers to formulate relief countermeasures scientifically.
		2023 Vol. 42 (12): 96-107 [Abstract] ( 48 ) PDF (1628 KB) ( 62 )

	108	Evaluation method of intelligence degree for intelligent construction of dams
		ZHANG Zhongren, MA Rui, HU Yu, LI Qingbin
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20231211
		The intelligent construction of dams, characterized by safety, high quality, efficiency, economy, and environmental friendliness, is a future development trend. Appropriately evaluating the degree of intelligence in dam construction is crucial to achieving organization-level intelligent construction. However, the current stage of dam construction is in transition from digitization to intelligence, and effective evaluation methods for the intelligence degree in engineering systems are lacking. This paper outlines the system characteristics and hierarchical divisions of intelligent dam construction, based on the theory of intelligent dam construction. We discuss the basic principles of evaluating the intelligence degree and develop a new model for evaluating it, based on a general framework of dam construction. A general model application procedure is also constructed. Finally, our method is applied to projects of typical high earth-rockfill dams and concrete arch dams, and their intelligence degrees are evaluated systematically from the perspectives of execution level, coordination level, and organization level, thus lying a basis for the design of intelligent construction systems in large-scale hydro projects.
		2023 Vol. 42 (12): 108-118 [Abstract] ( 48 ) PDF (2039 KB) ( 204 )

	119	Design method of 100-meter cemented sand and gravel dams based on multivariate optimization
		DING Zelin, XU Liangjie, WANG Xiaonan
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20231212
		With the improvement of the cemented sand and gravel (CSG) dam construction technology, demands for the construction of 100-meter CSG dams are increasing; An urgent need is to study their different profile forms and cementation contents. This paper uses the finite element method to formulate a regression equation for the prediction model of a CSG dam response surface. Using this equation as the objective function, the artificial bee colony algorithm is applied to optimize the CSG dam profile form and the gelling content, and a series of optimal profile solution sets are obtained. Finally, a set of dam models so optimized and a real dam project is selected to test experimentally for comparison and validation. The results show that in the loading process, the damage modes of the two groups of dam models are different. The real project model cracks at the contact surface of the dam body and foundation, gradually growing into a through crack, and its dam heel suffers shear crack damage. The optimized model suffers slip instability damage but no obvious structural damage to the dam body is observed, indicating that its structural strength is enhanced significantly. In comparison with real projects under normal working conditions, the optimized model reduces horizontal displacement by 36.9% and vertical displacement by 25.5%, and increases the overload safety factor by 9.1%, respectively. The results lay a basis for the profile forms of CSG dams and would help simplify the design method of 100-meter CSG dams.
		2023 Vol. 42 (12): 119-131 [Abstract] ( 30 ) PDF (3990 KB) ( 74 )

	132	Seismic performance assessment of gravity dams based on endurance time analysis method considering oblique incidences
		CUI Wei, LIU Guifeng, ZHANG Sherong, WANG Chao, WANG Xiaohua
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20231213
		To clarify the effect of different incident angles on the performance-based seismic design of high dams, the endurance time analysis (ETA) method is used to evaluate the variation in the seismic performance of a dam while considering spatial oblique incidences. First, three endurance acceleration time curves are synthesized based on this method; then a three-dimensional finite element model is constructed for the Koyna gravity dam-foundation, and the time curves are taken as inputs for simulations of the foundation at different angles. Finally, the dam’s seismic performance is evaluated using four performance indicators－crack penetration time, dam foundation damage index DBI, structural damage energy dissipation, and dam crest relative downstream displacement. The results show that significant differences occur in the dam’s seismic dynamic response when different incidences are input through the time curves, and this suggests the ETA method should consider oblique incidences. Generally, a seismic input at 60° incidences gives the most severe damage, highest damage energy dissipation, and largest dam crest relative downstream displacement.
		2023 Vol. 42 (12): 132-145 [Abstract] ( 33 ) PDF (5521 KB) ( 96 )

	146	Intelligent identification method for safety risks in cross operation on concrete dam surface
		CAO Kunyu, CHEN Shu, CHEN Yun, SUN Mengwen, NIE Benwu
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20231214
		To identify the operational risk of dam construction quickly and accurately, we develop an intelligent risk identification method (YOLO-CDSRI) for the safety risks of cross operation on a concrete dam surface, based on the YOOv8 network and considering the characteristics of complex scenes of such operation. First, a backbone network is constructed using a Cross Stage Partial Network (CSPNet) module and a Spatial Pyramid Pooling-Fast (SPPF) module to enhance the model's situational awareness of safety risks shown in the construction site images. Then, to address the issues of misidentification and missed identification of small target safety risks, this method adopts the Bidirectional Feature Pyramid Network (BiFPN). And using bidirectional cross scale connections and weighted feature fusion, it strengthens information coupling between the risk features and enhances the model's attention to small target safety risks. Finally, the method evaluates the quality of the anchor box via an "outlier" to avoid the excessive influence of geometric factors of the label box on the model, by using Wise-IoU as the boundary box regression loss function and combining with the dynamic non-monotonic focusing mechanism. Results show that after 500 iterations of training, the comprehensive performance of YOLO-CDSRI is superior to YOLOv5s, SSD, and Faster-RCNN models, thus promoting intelligent identification of the safety risks in cross operation on concrete dam surfaces.
		2023 Vol. 42 (12): 146-158 [Abstract] ( 45 ) PDF (10036 KB) ( 69 )

	159	Interval prediction Bootstrap-IHHO-BiLSTM model for TBM advance rate
		WANG Xiaoling, HAN Guoxi, YU Jia, WANG Jiajun, XU Guoxin, XIAO Yao
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20231215
		Previous prediction models of the Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) advance rate mostly adopted the point prediction method and lacked consideration of the uncertainties caused by the subjective selection of model structure, random parameter setting, and random data noise. This paper develops an interval prediction model of the TBM boring rate based on the Bootstrap method and the improved Harris Eagle optimized bi-directional long short-term memory network (BiLSTM). First, we construct a prediction model based on the Improved Harris Hawks Optimization (IHHO) optimized BiLSTM network, and reveal the correlation and time dependency of the boring rate for the stable section operation on the thrust, torque, speed and other boring parameters of the cutterhead for the rising section operation. This model uses the Harris Eagle algorithm based on chaotic mapping, parameter nonlinearization and chaos search strategy to optimize the hyper-parameters of its BiLSTM network for better modeling efficiency and accuracy. Then, the Bootstrap method is used to quantify its model uncertainty and random uncertainty and to obtain clear and reliable prediction intervals. It has been applied to the Qinling Mountain tunnel project under the conditions of surrounding rock class I-III. The results are compared with those of the BILSTM-HHO model, BiLSTM model and BP neural network model, proving the superiority of our new model.
		2023 Vol. 42 (12): 159-171 [Abstract] ( 37 ) PDF (2684 KB) ( 92 )