Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering

水力发电学报

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2020 Vol. 39, No. 9 Published: 2020-09-25

	1	Combined effects of water-sediment conditions and erosion base level on river stage: Case study of lower Weihe River
		ZHENG Haojie, HE Yucong, HAN Jianqiao, ZHANG Jinqi
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20200901
		This paper presents an extreme stage-extreme discharge analysis and a specific-gauge analysis on the change in the lower Weihe River stage during the past 70 years to explore the characteristics and mechanism of river stage changes and their causes under the combined effects of water-sediment conditions and erosion base level. Considering the three operating modes of the Sanmenxia reservoir, we divide the time series (1950-2017) into periods of P1 (1950-1959), P2 (1960-1973), P3 (1974-2002), and P4 (2003-2017). The water stage was generally on the rise at Huaxian; it fluctuated at Xianyang in P1 and P2, while continuously decreased in P3 and P4. The rise in the erosion base level, represented by Tongguan elevation, caused a large-scale sedimentation in the lower Weihe and thus became the major cause for the Huaxian stage rising. The Xianyang hydrologic station was less affected by the base level. Its water stage downtrend was originated from riverbed scour caused by the drastic reduction in incoming sediment, and comprehensive management of river channels promoted this trend. By our predictions, the water stage in the lower Weihe may continue its downtrend in the future. The results help the management of the lower Weihe basin and other similar rivers.
		2020 Vol. 39 (9): 1-10 [Abstract] ( 133 ) PDF (846 KB) ( 323 )

	11	Variation coefficient-Shapley value method for compensation benefits allocation of cascade hydropower stations
		LI Yinghai, WANG Li, LI Qingqing, YANG Ping, XIA Qingqing, MOU Chunxia
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20200902
		In view of the fact that hydropower stations in a river basin are the estate of different owners, the compensation benefit allocation of cascade stations should not merely ensure the maximization of overall benefit but meet equity and rationality. This paper describes a new method for compensation benefit allocation of the multi-owner stations, namely the variation coefficient-Shapley value method or a combination of the variation coefficient method and the Shapley value method, and applies it to the three-level cascade stations in the Nanhe valley of the middle Hanjiang. Results show that this method not only considers the contribution rates by various hydropower plants in joint scheduling, but also takes into account each plant’s capacity, output, adjustable reservoir capacity, multi-year average power generation and other individual characteristics. Thus, it helps achieve the equity and rationality of the allocation and promote each plant’s participation in the cascade joint dispatching, ensuring the benefit maximization of cascade joint scheduling.
		2020 Vol. 39 (9): 11-22 [Abstract] ( 174 ) PDF (550 KB) ( 408 )

	23	Improved deep neural network simulation method for multi-reservoir operation
		LUO Guanglei, ZHOU Jianzhong, ZHAO Yunfa, QIN Hui, DAI Ling
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20200903
		Construction of reservoirs across river basins has profoundly changed the temporal and spatial distribution of river runoff. The operator of a downstream reservoir cannot obtain in real time the discharge plan of the upstream ones, as reservoirs are often operated by different owners. This not only makes it difficult to prepare an operation plan for the downstream reservoir, but also imposes a significant impact on its safety. This paper describes an adaptive-moment-estimation-improved deep neural network (Adam-DNN) simulation method for extracting operation rules from the historical operation data of different reservoirs and simulating their operation process by these rules. We verify this new method through comparison of its calculation results with those of the back-propagation (BP) neural network. Case studies reveal its average relative errors of 8%, 11% and 10% in discharge simulations for the reservoirs of Guanyinyan, Jinpingyiji and Ertan, respectively, much lower than the BP’s counterparts. The results show our Adam-DNN method can provide a new way to explore the operation rule of a reservoir with unknown operation plan.
		2020 Vol. 39 (9): 23-32 [Abstract] ( 134 ) PDF (538 KB) ( 358 )

	33	Short-term optimal operation method of water, wind and thermal power considering wind power confidence intervals
		JIN Xinfeng, LIAO Shengli, LIU Zhanwei, SONG Yitong, LIU Huan
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20200904
		Uncertainty in wind power output affects the stable operation of a power grid, and wind abandonment has become a severe problem since large-scale wind power connection to the grid. For a full consideration of wind power uncertainty, this paper describes a short-term wind-water-thermal power joint operation method based on the wind power confidence intervals. We construct a multi-objective optimal operation model targeted at the minimum power generation cost and the maximum clean energy consumption, suppressing fluctuations in wind power outputs by taking advantages of the flexible start and stop and the fast climbing speed of cascade hydropower stations. This model comprises three layers based on the idea of hierarchical solution–a hydropower dispatching layer, a wind power operation layer, and a thermal power dispatching layer; and its overall solution framework can achieve a fast solution through integrating non-parametric method, heuristic algorithm, and improved particle swarm optimization algorithm. A case study of short-term operation for a regional power grid shows the method is fast with a typical run cost of only 83.5 s. And for this grid, under the constraints of the power system’s safe and stable operation and maximum clean energy consumption, hydropower and wind power generate an extra 455.6 MWh, thus reducing the cost of coal consumption by 233.3 thousand Yuan.
		2020 Vol. 39 (9): 33-42 [Abstract] ( 153 ) PDF (622 KB) ( 360 )

	43	Status and suggestions for hydropower development of four major river basins in Africa
		ZHOU Lizhi
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20200905
		Despite the many challenges facing African economic development, the growth trend continues. With the increasing power demands in various countries, the construction of power infrastructure in Africa is full of opportunities. Africa is rich in hydropower resources with huge development potential, and 80% of the potential are concentrated in the Zambezi, Congo, Nile and Niger River basins. Under the One Belt and One Road initiative, a large number of Chinese enterprises have gone global to invest in hydropower projects in Africa and promote China-Africa cooperation in power sector. This paper summarizes the hydropower resources and development levels of the four major river basins through a large amount of data and information, and discusses the key completed and planned hydropower projects in these basins with details. Finally, we examine in depth the major problems and challenges facing Chinese enterprises in the development of hydropower projects in Africa, and offer corresponding suggestions from four aspects: strategic planning, cooperation model, risk prevention, and personnel training.
		2020 Vol. 39 (9): 43-56 [Abstract] ( 204 ) PDF (3492 KB) ( 911 )

	57	Study on reservoir flood control operation schemes based on net rain forecast information
		ZHAN Xinhuan, WANG Zongzhi, WANG Lihui, LIU Kelin, CHENG Liang
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20200906
		To further raise the application level of flood forecast information to reservoir operation, this paper examines reservoir operation schemes based on net rain forecasting through a case study of Longjiaoshan Reservoir in Shandong Peninsula. We construct a commonly-used Xin'anjiang model for this reservoir, and evaluate its errors using the method of deterministic coefficient and absolute error calculations. And the pass rate is adopted to evaluate its accuracy grading in runoff depth predictions and peak time predictions. The results show that this model features with all the evaluation indexes at grade one for both the calibration and verification periods and provides a reliable tool for reservoir operation study. Then, we formulate an operation rule for the reservoir flood control by using its predicted net rainfall information from the Xin'anjiang model, and calculate its design floods of different frequencies. Comparison of the results with those of the conventional reservoir operation shows that the forecast-based operation model, through predicting reservoir discharge in advance, can generate operation schemes that effectively reduce the peak stages and peak discharges of the reservoir and decrease its downstream flood peaks. This means a great significance to the risk reduction of flood control upstream and downstream a reservoir and the improvement on its flood control benefits.
		2020 Vol. 39 (9): 57-66 [Abstract] ( 134 ) PDF (782 KB) ( 466 )

	67	Assessing influence of future urbanization on hydrological process in typical river basin
		CHEN Peiqi, WANG Zhaoli, ZENG Zhaoyang, CHEN Xiaohong
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20200907
		As urbanization process speeds up, rainstorm and waterlogging disasters occur more frequently and severely threaten the residents’ safety of life and property. This study develops a stormwater management model (SWMM) combining with rapid urbanization process for assessing the impact of urbanization process on the basin hydrological process, and applies it to the Chebeichong basin, a typical basin in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA), to simulate its scenarios in the early 1980s, 2015 and 2050. Results support the conclusions: 1) Our SWMM is verified against rainfall measurements and shows a good adaptability to the study area. 2) In the study area, the proportions of urban landuse are 15.07%, 47.64% and 54.29% in the three scenarios respectively; and from 1980 to 2015, the urban landuse was expanded by 24.35 km2 and concentrated on an area around the middle lower Chebei River mainstream and its tributary Yangmei River basin. Of the new urban landuse of 1980-2015, cultivated land converted into urban land was its largest proportion of up to 86.49%. 3) At three typical cross sections of the river, flow hydrographs show a single peak shape with large fluctuations after urbanization completed while their variations were relatively mild in 1980. Besides, urbanization can also increase flood peak discharges, advances flood peak times, and raises flood risk. Under the design rainfall of 0.5-year return period, the flood peak discharge at the basin outlet is increased by 2.27 and 2.7 times in the 2015 and 2050 scenarios respectively, and the peak time is nearly an hour earlier. The results are useful in constructing the pipeline networks, flood control, and drainage of GBA.
		2020 Vol. 39 (9): 67-77 [Abstract] ( 213 ) PDF (2659 KB) ( 499 )

	78	Experimental study of turbulent structures of slot-orifice-weir combined fishway with staggered layout
		DONG Zhiyong, HUANG Zhou, YU Junpeng
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20200908
		A variety of migratory fish species inhabit China's seas and rivers, and it is difficult for a single fishway to meet the requirements of different swimming behaviors of all the species. Thus far, most previous studies focused on single fishways, while the studies of the combined types were limited to numerical simulations and few experiments were reported. In this work, we design a combined fishway composed of a notch weir, a rectangular central orifice, and a vertical slot, and experimentally study the turbulent structures of its flows. An acoustic Doppler velocimetry (ADV) is used to measure the three-dimensional instantaneous flow velocities at all the gauge points in the combined fishway pool; and various flow characteristics are analyzed–time-averaged flow velocity, turbulence intensity, Reynolds stress, frequency-spectrum characteristics, correlation functions, and turbulence scales. The experimental results show the flow three-dimensionality of the combined fishway is more pronounced than that of a single type. Longitudinal flow velocity exhibits an obvious peak zone on the horizontal plane, and transverse and vertical velocities indicate a vortex occurring at cross sections. In the converging region between the vertical slot wall jet and orifice jet, the turbulence intensities of longitudinal, transverse and vertical velocities take large values and then are decreasing gradually after that. Reynolds stress shows a peak zone largely at the intersection of multiple jets. The dominant frequency of longitudinal fluctuation energy is the highest in central orifice passage, followed by notch weir and vertical slot. Longitudinal velocity fluctuations are correlated with time to a degree of the high-to-low order: notch weir, central orifice, and vertical slot; and their time periods increase along the main flow. The integral and micro scales show vortex structures are related to different flow regions in the combined fishway.
		2020 Vol. 39 (9): 78-87 [Abstract] ( 85 ) PDF (1301 KB) ( 269 )

	88	Back analysis of high earth-rockfill dams based on generalized plastic model
		ZHANG Xiangtao, GAO Yizhao, WANG Xiangnan, YU Yuzhen
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20200909
		During the filling, impoundment and operation of a high rockfill dam, its rockfill materials usually undergo complicated stress paths, and their mechanical properties are significantly affected by anisotropy and particle breakage. In the existing deformation behavior analyses of high rockfill dams, one of the most common errors comes from the drawback of the constitutive models that are unable to sufficiently reflect these essential properties. This paper formulates anisotropic state parameters for the rockfill material and defines a reference anisotropy state parameter to replace the critical state line-based state parameter, so that the calculation of the spatial location relative to the reference state line can fully consider all the effects of anisotropy, particle breakage, and complex stress paths. Then, a generalized plastic MPZR model for rockfill materials is developed. Finally, we use this model and the finite element method to analyze the stress and deformation behaviors of the Nuozhadu high earth-rockfill dam, and verify its reliability and practicability using the calculated rockfill dam body displacements that agree well with the measurements in-situ.
		2020 Vol. 39 (9): 88-98 [Abstract] ( 115 ) PDF (2217 KB) ( 294 )

	99	Uncertainty analysis of gravity dam schedule based on modified evidence theory
		WANG Sichen, YU Jia, WU Binping, GUAN Tao, REN Bingyu
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20200910
		Aleatory and epistemic uncertainties exist in the previous analyses of construction scheduling for a concrete gravity dam due to the randomness of its construction environment and technical operation and the incomplete cognition of its cable operating parameters and repair time. Previous studies lack a comprehensive consideration of these two types of uncertainties. The evidence theory has the advantage of solving aleatory and epistemic uncertainty problems comprehensively; but in its traditional applications, the vertex method, usually used for calculating the extreme values of monotonicity problems, is inapplicable to construction schedule simulations or other non-monotonic problems, or to consideration of the relevance of construction parameters. This paper presents a new uncertainty analysis method of construction scheduling for concrete gravity dams based on a modified evidence theory. First, it uses a genetic algorithm to modify the extreme value calculating procedure and whereby searches the extreme value on an evidence body. Second, it adopts the Copula function to quantify the correlation between construction parameters and modifies the joint-probability calculating method by using this correlation coefficient as a difference. Then, it transforms the construction parameters with heterogeneous uncertainties into evidence variables, and calculates the belief and plausibility degree to quantify the uncertainty of construction schedule. Finally, this method is applied to an analysis of construction scheduling for a concrete gravity dam, and its consistency and superiority in uncertainty analysis is verified by comparing with the aleatory uncertainty theory.
		2020 Vol. 39 (9): 99-110 [Abstract] ( 94 ) PDF (1489 KB) ( 305 )

	111	Study on crack control standards for reinforced concrete linings in high internal water pressure tunnels
		WANG Yujie, CHEN Chen, CAO Ruilang, LIU Lipeng, DUAN Qingwei
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20200911
		It is difficult to prevent the cracking of the lining of hydraulic tunnels under high water pressure. The key to designing a permeable lining is to determine the stress characteristics and crack control standards of reinforced concrete structures under the loads jointly born by the lining and surrounding rock. Based on the characteristics of crack initiation and propagation in pressure tunnel linings, this study analyzes the engineering applicability of conventional formula calculations and numerical methods to concrete lining cracking, and examines the sensitivity of crack openings to determine the main parameters of lining design. We also compare the results of crack control standard analysis, numerical simulation, and actual measurement, and demonstrate the key to evaluating a crack control standard of the linings. The results show that most of the projects are in normal operation, even though their measured crack openings are often beyond the crack limit standard. The current global crack control standards are too strict, lowering the utilization efficiency of support structure materials. Therefore, new threshold crack opening that is consistent with the real engineering cases should be established. Considering the engineering safety and economic benefits of pressure tunnels, this study suggests that the reasonable reinforcement ratio of concrete linings should be roughly 0.9%, lining thickness roughly 800 mm, and critical crack opening 0.35-0.5 mm.
		2020 Vol. 39 (9): 111-120 [Abstract] ( 163 ) PDF (1425 KB) ( 479 )