Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering

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水力发电学报

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2025 Vol. 44, No. 7 Published: 2025-07-25

	1	Analysis on hydraulic concrete fracture toughness by wedge splitting method
		LI Qingbin, LIU Wen, GAO Xiaofeng, GUAN Junfeng, YIN Yangyang, TAN Kaiyan, ZHANG Xihe, WANG Juan, MI Zhengxiang, TAN Yaosheng, FAN Bing, HU Yu, LI Lielie, TAN Jianjun, ZHANG Yanlin, LIU Xin, XIE Chaopeng
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250701
		The wedge splitting method is one of the recommended methods for determining the fracture toughness of hydraulic concrete, and its results are influenced by various factors－such as raw materials, mix proportions, test age, curing temperature and humidity, specimen type and size, and initial crack to height ratio. This article summarizes and examines the performance of this method from four aspects: its determination of fracture toughness of ordinary concrete, large aggregate concrete, and processed concrete specimens, and approximate fracture toughness conversion between standard and non-standard specimen conditions. Then, we suggest specimen types and test methods for its better use to determine fracture toughness, and give an approximate scheme for the conversion, helping standardize its determination of fracture toughness of hydraulic concrete.
		2025 Vol. 44 (7): 1-35 [Abstract] ( 62 ) PDF (2796 KB) ( 161 )

	36	Study on intelligent recognition of deformation patterns and anomaly detection method of concrete dams
		MA Chunhui, JIAO Yufei, YANG Jie, XU Xiaoyan, CHENG Lin, GONG Xiuxiu
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250702
		During the operation of a concrete dam, various uncertainties－such as sudden events, natural disasters, and changes in human management－are possible to impose an impact on it, potentially deviating its structure deformation from the conventional patterns. An accurate identification of such changes is crucial for raising the level of concrete dam warning and forecasting. This paper presents an intelligent method for identifying dam deformation under uncertainties. First, we use a spatial clustering method to categorize measurement points that are located in different regions of the concrete dam structure but share certain similarity. Then, a fuzzy clustering (Gath-Geva) algorithm is used to segment a multivariate time series into different phases, allowing its data points to belong to multiple periods based on the membership degree, to measure the homogeneity of segments and detect changes in its hidden structure. Last, we use a fuzzy decision algorithm based on the cluster compatibility criteria to determine the number of segments required, and adopts the principal component analysis (PCA) to identify the number of principal components, further improving the accuracy of the Gath-Geva algorithm. This intelligent method has been applied in a case study of a concrete arch dam structure to identify the changes hidden in the time series of its displacement measurements. Comparison of its results with those of single-period data shows that it is effective in extracting sudden anomalous changes during the operational phase of the dam, and that it is a valuable approach for assessing the operational conditions of concrete dams.
		2025 Vol. 44 (7): 36-46 [Abstract] ( 54 ) PDF (1353 KB) ( 153 )

	47	Uncertainty of dynamic responses of arch dams to ground motions based on numerical simulations
		LIU Yaolai, ZHANG Mengzhong, WANG Jinting, WANG Xiangchao, YU Jiyuan, YAN Jianhua
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250703
		Uncertainty in ground motions is a significant factor in the seismic safety evaluation of arch dams. The physical-based direct numerical modeling can consider different earthquake scenarios and generate site-specific earthquake motions, manifesting great application prospects in earthquake engineering. This study examines the scattering of nonlinear seismic responses of an arch dam to ground motions that are simulated numerically for three earthquake scenarios, focusing on the dynamic responses－including concrete damage, contraction joint opening, and displacement. Results show that the responses feature significant variability under different earthquake scenarios even if the rupture fault, magnitude, and stream peak ground acceleration at the dam site all remain consistent. The findings shed light on the scattering of dam responses and promote application of the ground motions generated by direct numerical simulations.
		2025 Vol. 44 (7): 47-54 [Abstract] ( 48 ) PDF (3409 KB) ( 66 )

	55	Influence of early freezing on hydration degree and pore structure of hydraulic concrete
		QIN Yuan, TIAN Xixi, JIN Jie, ZHAO Jingwei, WU Jiangjiang, LYU Gao, DUAN Minghan
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250704
		Climatic conditions in the alpine region are complicated and changeable. A sudden temperature drop is easy to impact the hydration degree and pore structure of fresh concrete, resulting in its early frost damage, extremely unfavorable to the development of its physical properties such as strength. To explore the damage mechanism of hydraulic concrete in early freezing conditions, this study conducts experimental tests on its mechanical properties, hydration behavior, and pore structure, by varying pre-curing time (6 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h), freezing time (6 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h), and freezing temperature (-1 °C, -5 °C, and -10 °C). The results show that an increase in freezing time or a decrease in freezing temperature increases porosity and decreases hydration degree, while a longer pre-curing time increases hydration degree and transforms more large pores into small ones. The compressive strength of early frozen concrete is proportional to pre-curing time, and inversely proportional to freezing time or freezing temperature; its pore structure shows obvious fractal characteristics, and significant correlation exists between the hydration degree and mechanical properties.
		2025 Vol. 44 (7): 55-66 [Abstract] ( 45 ) PDF (3597 KB) ( 66 )

	67	Optimized reconstruction of 3-D point clouds of rockfill dam test pits with fast volume calculation method and its application
		WANG Jian, ZHU Rongxi, WU Zhigang, HU Jifeng, LI Jian, GAN Yuannan, LU Yanchun, LU Yang
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250705
		Trial pit test is a standard method for evaluating rockfill compaction in dam construction. The advent of 3D laser scanning technology offers a rapid, accurate alternative to the traditional water filling method for measuring the pit’s volume. This study develops a new method that integrates data acquisition, registration, and fast volume calculation using 3D laser scanning. Tested against the standard model and a laboratory experiment, the method captures the irregular distribution of rockfill particles effectively; Optimizations in large-scale in-situ tests have achieved volume measurement errors roughly within 5%. Field applications in dam projects further validate the method's efficiency, significantly reducing inspection time and having the potential to replace traditional methods.
		2025 Vol. 44 (7): 67-76 [Abstract] ( 65 ) PDF (4926 KB) ( 31 )

	77	Multi-point prediction model with spatial-temporal fusion for embankment dams
		SONG Xingpeng, HOU Weiya, XU Zhiquan, DONG Wu, MA Liping, WANG Xiangnan
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250706
		The monitoring effect value is an objective index that characterizes changes in the service performance of a dam and reflects changes in its working behavior. For an embankment dam, safety monitoring and behavior prediction by using this index are of great significance for the operation and risk management and control. Most of the previous methods focused on time-series modeling for a single measuring point, that is, developing a prediction model for a single location, and left room for improving the modeling of spatial correlation characteristics and the analysis of environmental driving mechanisms. This paper constructs a spatiotemporal fusion multi-measuring-point prediction model with a feature extraction mechanism integrated, starting from the characteristics of a multi-dimensional spatiotemporal distribution field, i.e., effect field, composed of the multi-point monitoring effect quantities, and considering time development similarity at these points and differences in spatial distributions. Through a parallel branch network, this model uses the Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) to capture causal time-series characteristics driven by the environment, and combines with the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to mine spatial distribution patterns at the multiple measuring points. It can achieve the collaborative feature fusion of multi-dimensional information by introducing an adaptive feature fusion strategy, so that it succeeds in synchronous and high-precision prediction of the seepage flows in an embankment dam at multiple measuring points. A case study of the Huairou reservoir seepage, based on the monitoring data nearly 30 years long, shows our new model effectively balances its capability of representing spatiotemporal feature while maintaining computational feasibility. It has a synchronous multi-point prediction accuracy significantly higher than traditional methods, and advances behavior evolution analysis for the entire dam section.
		2025 Vol. 44 (7): 77-86 [Abstract] ( 38 ) PDF (860 KB) ( 52 )

	87	Experimental study on mechanical properties of chloride saline silty sands
		QI Shengjun, YU Peng, ZHANG Wuyu, YU Yuzhen
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250707
		Salt content is a significant factor of the mechanical properties of saline soils. This study investigates saturated chloride saline silty sands that are artificially prepared, focusing on salt content-related influences on their compression and shear properties and the underlying micro-mechanisms, through conducting oedometer tests, triaxial tests, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results reveal that at a salt content below saturation, the compression index increases linearly with it, while the compression modulus decreases gradually. Above the saturation threshold, this index is steady, and the modulus exhibits minor fluctuations. The rebound index remains independent of salt content. Under drained consolidation, stress-strain relationships show limited sensitivity to salt content, whereas volumetric strain increases with it. In undrained consolidation tests, both stress-strain relationships and pore pressure development are governed by the interplay of salt content and confining pressure. Microstructural analysis demonstrates that salt crystallization induces dual mechanisms of interparticle cementation and pore-filling, and the number of micropores increase with the increasing salt content. Our findings would help develop a constitutive model, practically useful for engineering construction in saline soil regions.
		2025 Vol. 44 (7): 87-96 [Abstract] ( 35 ) PDF (3753 KB) ( 25 )

	97	Study on impact of particle morphology on internal erosion in gap-graded sand and gravel soils
		XU Zengguang, WU Zihao, CAO Cheng, CHAI Junrui
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250708
		For gap-graded sand and gravel soils under seepage flow, internal erosion is caused by fine particles migrating through void channels between coarse particles. The migration leads to the redistribution and deformation of the soil skeleton, thereby threatening the safety and stability of earth and rock dams, dykes and so on. Particle morphology along with its correlation with other parameters is one of the most important influences on internal erosion to soil structures. In this study, a custom-developed soil internal erosion set-up is used to conduct experimental tests on three types of gap-graded sand and gravel soils with varying particle morphologies under different hydraulic gradients, focusing on the macroscopic evolution characteristics of soil internal erosion. Using the computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method (CFD-DEM) coupling approach, we consider coarse particle morphology with different sphericity and fine particle content to examine their combined effects on internal erosion from the perspectives of force chains, contact forces, and coordination numbers. The findings indicate that with a fixed content of fine particles in the soil, the higher the sphericity of its coarse particles, the more significant is the number and magnitude of its fine particles that are lost due to internal erosion. The self-locking effect of non-spherical particles enhances its resistance to seepage failure. Additionally, the sphericity of coarse particles is inversely related to the average coordination number. These findings lay a basis for assessing the internal erosion risk of gap-graded sand and gravel soils.
		2025 Vol. 44 (7): 97-108 [Abstract] ( 45 ) PDF (9388 KB) ( 32 )

	109	Hourly precipitation simulation in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain: Application and evaluation of the Hyetos model
		ZHOU Yibin, LI Xin, CHEN Xinlei, YANG Puxin, LIN Juan, GU Suye, CHEN Yuanfang
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250709
		High-resolution spatiotemporal precipitation data are critical for accurate hydrological simulations. This paper presents stochastic simulations of the hourly precipitation processes at 142 meteorological stations across the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, using a Hyetos stochastic precipitation model that couples the Bartlett-Lewis rectangular pulse model with a daily precipitation adjustment algorithm. This model is evaluated comprehensively on its performance using metrics such as basic statistical characteristics, extreme precipitation indices, and intra-day wet-dry characteristics. Results reveal the model accurately simulates the means and standard deviations of hourly precipitation but underestimates its skewness coefficients. While it captures the intensity and frequency indices of certain extreme precipitation events, it underestimates the annual maximum 1-hour precipitation and extreme precipitation intensities. Its biases are evident in simulating intra-day wet-dry characteristics, particularly for those long-duration events. The findings would be useful to precipitation-runoff simulations in the study region.
		2025 Vol. 44 (7): 109-120 [Abstract] ( 52 ) PDF (2174 KB) ( 55 )

	121	Study on flow evolution in S zone of pump-turbine considering runner tip-gap flow
		ZHOU Qiang, SHU Lingfeng, LI Chengjun, CHEN Yong, FU Xiaolong, LI Deyou, GONG Ruzhi, WANG Hongjie
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250710
		The S-shaped characteristics of high-parameter pump-turbines are the main factor of its stable operation, and the fundamental way to deal with the S-region lie in hydraulic design. For an ultra-high head pump-turbine, a crucial step to do this is a deeper study of the S-region characteristics through considering its tip-gap flows. This paper presents numerical simulations of the 3-D steady flows in a prototype pump-turbine in China, using a RNG k-ε turbulence model. The pressure distributions, flow regimes and structures, and vortex distributions in the main channel and tip gaps are analyzed, and it is deviated from design operation, the pressure gradient keeps increasing sharply in both the vaneless section and tip-gap passages, until its maximum value occurs under reverse pump operation. A circumferentially distributed ring forms in the vaneless section is found, which retains a high pressure and a huge pressure difference from its surroundings, thereby causing unstable operation, vibration and noise. This is an important cause of the S-shaped characteristics, and deepens our understanding of ultra-high head pumped storage units for better hydraulic designs.
		2025 Vol. 44 (7): 121-130 [Abstract] ( 49 ) PDF (3925 KB) ( 57 )

	131	Study on flows in pump turbine under low load conditions and its entropy production characteristics
		WANG Zirui, ZHANG Junzhi, XIE Yonglan, WANG Like, JIN Dongbing
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250711
		To meet the requirements by the regulation of a new power system, pump turbines need to operate in a wider range. Low load operation of a pump turbine leads to a decrease in the performance of its units, affecting its safe and stable operation. This paper presents a study of the internal flow characteristics of a pump turbine under different operating loads, based on its prototype observations and numerical simulations. The entropy production theory is used to reveal a relationship between operating loads, energy loss, and flow structure. The results show entropy production loss is characterized by certain pulsation. At the blade inlet, low-speed zones form due to flow separation as a consequence of load decreasing that causes a decrease in the relative flow angle; At the 50% load condition, such low-speed zones appear alternately in the runner. Meanwhile, vortex structures appear along the circumferential direction at the blade inlet, blocking flow into the channel and resulting in a significant increase in entropy production loss and its proportion in the runner. At the runner outlet, the tangential velocity is closely related to the formation of a vortex rope in the draft tube, and gradually increases as the load decreases. Circumferential motions take an increasing trend after the flow enters the draft tube. In the tube, a vortex rope develops from cylindrical to spiral, and shifts to double spiral forms in the low load zone at depth. The findings would help safe and stable operation of pumped storage power stations.
		2025 Vol. 44 (7): 131-139 [Abstract] ( 46 ) PDF (5324 KB) ( 60 )

	140	Spectral subtraction combined with CNN for diagnosing cavitation faults in hydraulic turbines
		FU Bitao, HE Zhihong, ZHOU Xin, XIAO Long, HUAI Haoxiang, LI Chaoshun
		DOI: 10.11660/slfdxb.20250712
		Based on spectral subtraction and convolutional neural networks (CNN), this study develops a fusion diagnostic method to improve previous fault diagnostic model with low accuracy in the time and frequency domain characteristics of acoustic emission signals from a hydraulic turbine experiencing cavitation. Firstly, a differential enhancement of the signals through dual-signal mutual subtraction of the cavitation and normal signals was achieved by using spectral subtraction, which significantly improved the separability of band features. Then, samples of the processed normal and cavitation signals were input into a lightweight CNN model for training, and finally the turbine cavitation fault diagnosis results were obtained. To verify this method, we conduct a numerical experiment using multi-case acoustic emission data from the measuring points on the top cover and spiral case of a Francis turbine. The results showed an average diagnostic accuracy as high as 99.6% at top cover and 99.8% at spiral case, which was a significant improvement over several other signal processing methods with accuracy, adaptability and computational efficiency enhanced, putting forward an effective scheme for hydraulic turbine cavitation monitoring.
		2025 Vol. 44 (7): 140-148 [Abstract] ( 44 ) PDF (1006 KB) ( 76 )